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What is TCP keepalive, how do I change it and how can I tell it is enabled on a particular socket?

Solution Verified - Updated 2018-09-24T17:07:59+00:00 -

Issue

What is TCP keepalive?
How can I tell keepalive is enabled on a particular socket?
Why is TCP keepalive not enabled on all sockets?
What are the tunable values for TCP keep alive?
How do I calculate the time to detect TCP connection failure?
How do I set and change TCP keepalive?
In AIX, the time to detect TCP connection failure is tcp_keepidle + ( tcp_keepintvl * tcp_keepcnt ), how is this calculated on Linux?

Environment

Red Hat Enterprise Linux (all versions)
TCP connections

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