How to encrypt a file with a passphrase, without using a gpg key

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Issue

How can files be encrypted/decrypted using simply a passphrase (i.e., without using public/private gpg keys)?

Environment

gpg provided by gnupg/gnpug2 rpms
openssl provided by openssl rpm
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5
Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4

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