Unable to refresh subscriptions on VM: HTTP 400

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I'm running an RHEL 8.3 physical system, with various VMs, including an RHEL 7.7 VM (this is 'merlin-rhel-7' in the log below).

On the Customer Portal, I can see that both systems have a 'Red Hat Developer Subscription for individuals' attached. The VM sub expires on 2021-10-30, and last checked in on 2020-05-18.

Problem: the VM cannot 'yum install', and 'yum repolist all' shows that I can't access any repositories (the physical system has no problems):

[root@merlin-rhel-7 me]# yum repolist all
Loaded plugins: product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-manager
This system is registered with an entitlement server, but is not receiving updates. You can use subscription-manager to assign subscriptions.

*** WARNING ***
The subscription for following product(s) has expired:
   ...[lots of products]
You no longer have access to the repositories that provide these products.  It is important that you apply an active subscription in order to resume access to security and other critical updates. If you don't have other active subscriptions, you can renew the expired subscription.

'subscription-manager' is not doing anything useful. 'subscription-manager register' says that I am already registered, but anything else comes back with a network error message. The rhsm.log extract below shows an attempt to refresh.

Does anyone have any idea how I can get yum working again? Thanks.

2021-05-05 10:22:37,649 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:905 - Connection built: host=subscription.rhsm.redhat.com port=443 handler=/subscription auth=identity_cert ca_dir=/etc/rhsm/ca/ insecure=False
2021-05-05 10:22:37,655 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @managercli.py:462 - X-Correlation-ID: fcb76d8ab6f6409baba1afb8c72899d7
2021-05-05 10:22:37,655 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @managercli.py:351 - Client Versions: {'subscription-manager': '1.24.13-1.el7'}
2021-05-05 10:22:37,655 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:905 - Connection built: host=subscription.rhsm.redhat.com port=443 handler=/subscription auth=identity_cert ca_dir=/etc/rhsm/ca/ insecure=False
2021-05-05 10:22:37,655 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:905 - Connection built: host=subscription.rhsm.redhat.com port=443 handler=/subscription auth=none
2021-05-05 10:22:37,656 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @managercli.py:327 - Consumer Identity name=merlin-rhel-7.fubar.com uuid=73563ae6-7ec9-4445-a217-c942bfb5bb30
2021-05-05 10:22:38,638 [INFO] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:618 - Response: status=400, request="PUT /subscription/consumers/73563ae6-7ec9-4445-a217-c942bfb5bb30/certificates?lazy_regen=true"
2021-05-05 10:22:38,638 [ERROR] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:643 - Response: 400
2021-05-05 10:22:38,639 [ERROR] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @connection.py:644 - JSON parsing error: No JSON object could be decoded
2021-05-05 10:22:38,639 [ERROR] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @managercli.py:189 - Unable to perform refresh due to the following exception: HTTP error (400 - Bad Request)
2021-05-05 10:22:38,639 [ERROR] subscription-manager:2128:MainThread @managercli.py:190 - HTTP error (400 - Bad Request)
Traceback (most recent call last):
EL

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