NullPointerException on JBoss Web Server (Apache Tomcat) startup

Issue

When starting JBoss Web Server (JWS) / Apache Tomcat, an error similar to the following is output and deployment fails.

SEVERE [main] org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory Error deploying web application directory [<web application>]
    java.lang.IllegalStateException: Error starting child
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:731)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChild(ContainerBase.java:700)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardHost.addChild(StandardHost.java:696)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig.deployDirectory(HostConfig.java:1185)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.HostConfig$DeployDirectory.run(HostConfig.java:1933)
        at java.base/java.util.concurrent.Executors$RunnableAdapter.call(Executors.java:515)
        at java.base/java.util.concurrent.FutureTask.run(FutureTask.java:264)
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.threads.InlineExecutorService.execute(InlineExecutorService.java:75)
...
    Caused by: org.apache.catalina.LifecycleException: Failed to start component [StandardEngine[Catalina].StandardHost[localhost].StandardContext[/<context root>]]
        at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.handleSubClassException(LifecycleBase.java:440)
        at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:198)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.ContainerBase.addChildInternal(ContainerBase.java:728)
        ... 37 more
    Caused by: java.lang.NullPointerException
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.scan.StandardJarScanner.process(StandardJarScanner.java:382)
        at org.apache.tomcat.util.scan.StandardJarScanner.scan(StandardJarScanner.java:195)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.processJarsForWebFragments(ContextConfig.java:2136)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.webConfig(ContextConfig.java:1289)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.configureStart(ContextConfig.java:986)
        at org.apache.catalina.startup.ContextConfig.lifecycleEvent(ContextConfig.java:303)
        at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.fireLifecycleEvent(LifecycleBase.java:123)
        at org.apache.catalina.core.StandardContext.startInternal(StandardContext.java:5135)
        at org.apache.catalina.util.LifecycleBase.start(LifecycleBase.java:183)
        ... 38 more