비보안 아키텍처

브로드캐스트 네트워크

중앙 집중식 서버

사용되지 않는 서비스 및 오픈 포트

패치되지 않은 서비스

편집할 수 없음

본질적으로 비보안 서비스

잘못된 암호

취약한 클라이언트 애플리케이션

~]$ su - john
Account locked due to 3 failed logins
su: incorrect password

auth [success=1 default=ignore] pam_succeed_if.so user in user1:user2:user3

~]$ faillock
john:
When                Type  Source                                           Valid
2013-03-05 11:44:14 TTY   pts/0                                                V

faillock --user <username> --reset

authconfig로 사용자 정의 설정 유지

nullok 옵션 제거

blockdev를 사용하여 Removable 미디어의 읽기 전용 마운트를 강제 사용

SUBSYSTEM=="block",ATTRS{removable}=="1",RUN{program}="/sbin/blockdev --setro %N"

새 udev 설정 적용

~# udevadm trigger

~# udevadm control --reload

fs.protected_hardlinks = 1
fs.protected_symlinks = 1

fs.protected_hardlinks = 0
fs.protected_symlinks = 0

~]# yum install postgresql-server

~]$ initdb -D /home/postgresql/db1

~]$ cat pg_hba.conf
# PostgreSQL Client Authentication Configuration File
# This file controls: which hosts are allowed to connect, how clients
# are authenticated, which PostgreSQL user names they can use, which
# databases they can access.  Records take one of these forms:
#
# local      DATABASE  USER  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# host       DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# hostssl    DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]
# hostnossl  DATABASE  USER  ADDRESS  METHOD  [OPTIONS]

local   all             all                                     trust

Memcached Vulnerabilities

memcached 강화

Open Ports Scan에 netstat 사용

~]# netstat -pan -A inet,inet6 | grep -v ESTABLISHED
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address       Foreign Address    State     PID/Program name
Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1/systemd
tcp        0      0 192.168.124.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1829/dnsmasq
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1176/sshd
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN      1177/cupsd
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN      1/systemd
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN      1664/master
sctp              0.0.0.0:2500                                      LISTEN   20985/sctp_darn
udp        0      0 192.168.124.1:53        0.0.0.0:*                           1829/dnsmasq
udp        0      0 0.0.0.0:67              0.0.0.0:*                           977/dhclient
...

~]# netstat -tlnw
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:111             0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 192.168.124.1:53        0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 0.0.0.0:22              0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:631           0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp        0      0 127.0.0.1:25            0.0.0.0:*               LISTEN
tcp6       0      0 :::111                  :::*                    LISTEN
tcp6       0      0 :::22                   :::*                    LISTEN
tcp6       0      0 ::1:631                 :::*                    LISTEN
tcp6       0      0 ::1:25                  :::*                    LISTEN
raw6       0      0 :::58                   :::*                    7

Open Ports Scan에 ss 사용

~]# ss -tlw
etid State      Recv-Q Send-Q     Local Address:Port                      Peer Address:Port
udp   UNCONN     0      0                     :::ipv6-icmp                           :::*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                    *:sunrpc                               *:*
tcp   LISTEN     0      5          192.168.124.1:domain                               *:*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                    *:ssh                                  *:*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128            127.0.0.1:ipp                                  *:*
tcp   LISTEN     0      100            127.0.0.1:smtp                                 *:*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                   :::sunrpc                              :::*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                   :::ssh                                 :::*
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                  ::1:ipp                                 :::*
tcp   LISTEN     0      100                  ::1:smtp                                :::*

~]# ss -plno -A tcp,udp,sctp
Netid State      Recv-Q Send-Q       Local Address:Port                      Peer Address:Port
udp   UNCONN     0      0            192.168.124.1:53                                   *:*                   users:(("dnsmasq",pid=1829,fd=5))
udp   UNCONN     0      0                 *%virbr0:67                                   *:*                   users:(("dnsmasq",pid=1829,fd=3))
udp   UNCONN     0      0                        *:68                                   *:*                   users:(("dhclient",pid=977,fd=6))
...
tcp   LISTEN     0      5            192.168.124.1:53                                   *:*                   users:(("dnsmasq",pid=1829,fd=6))
tcp   LISTEN     0      128                      *:22                                   *:*                   users:(("sshd",pid=1176,fd=3))
tcp   LISTEN     0      128              127.0.0.1:631                                  *:*                   users:(("cupsd",pid=1177,fd=12))
tcp   LISTEN     0      100              127.0.0.1:25                                   *:*                   users:(("master",pid=1664,fd=13))
...
sctp  LISTEN     0      5                        *:2500                                 *:*                   users:(("sctp_darn",pid=20985,fd=3))

~]# nmap -sT -O 192.168.122.65
    Starting Nmap 6.40 ( http://nmap.org ) at 2017-03-27 09:30 CEST
    Nmap scan report for 192.168.122.65
    Host is up (0.00032s latency).
    Not shown: 998 closed ports
    PORT    STATE SERVICE
    22/tcp  open  ssh
    111/tcp open  rpcbind
    Device type: general purpose
    Running: Linux 3.X
    OS CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel:3
    OS details: Linux 3.7 - 3.9
    Network Distance: 0 hops

    OS detection performed. Please report any incorrect results at http://nmap.org/submit/ .
    Nmap done: 1 IP address (1 host up) scanned in 1.79 seconds

netstat 및 ss 를 사용하여 Open SCTP 포트 검사

~]# netstat -plnS
Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address   Foreign Address  State    PID/Program name
sctp                127.0.0.1:250                    LISTEN   4125/sctp_darn
sctp       0      0 127.0.0.1:260   127.0.0.1:250    CLOSE    4250/sctp_darn
sctp       0      0 127.0.0.1:250   127.0.0.1:260    LISTEN   4125/sctp_darn

~]# netstat -nl -A inet,inet6 | grep 2500
sctp                0.0.0.0:2500                                    LISTEN

~]# ss -an | grep 2500
sctp   LISTEN     0      5         *:2500                  *:*

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_source_route=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.forwarding=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.forwarding=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.mc_forwarding=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.mc_forwarding=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.accept_redirects=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv6.conf.all.accept_redirects=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.secure_redirects=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0

~]# /sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.conf.default.send_redirects=0

net.ipv4.conf.all.send_redirects=0

net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1

/sbin/sysctl -p

/sbin/sysctl net.ipv4.ip_forward

/sbin/sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

핫스팟 문제 이해

DNSSEC 복구 복구 선택

~]# yum install libreswan

~]$ yum info libreswan

~]# systemctl stop ipsec
~]# rm /etc/ipsec.d/*db

~]# ipsec initnss
Initializing NSS database

~]# certutil -N -d sql:/etc/ipsec.d
Enter a password which will be used to encrypt your keys.
The password should be at least 8 characters long,
and should contain at least one non-alphabetic character.

Enter new password:
Re-enter password:

~]# systemctl start ipsec

~]$ systemctl status ipsec
* ipsec.service - Internet Key Exchange (IKE) Protocol Daemon for IPsec
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/ipsec.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Sun 2018-03-18 18:44:43 EDT; 3s ago
     Docs: man:ipsec(8)
           man:pluto(8)
           man:ipsec.conf(5)
  Process: 20358 ExecStopPost=/usr/sbin/ipsec --stopnflog (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20355 ExecStopPost=/sbin/ip xfrm state flush (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20352 ExecStopPost=/sbin/ip xfrm policy flush (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20347 ExecStop=/usr/libexec/ipsec/whack --shutdown (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20634 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/ipsec --checknflog (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20631 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/ipsec --checknss (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20369 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/ipsec/_stackmanager start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
  Process: 20366 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/ipsec/addconn --config /etc/ipsec.conf --checkconfig (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
 Main PID: 20646 (pluto)
   Status: "Startup completed."
   CGroup: /system.slice/ipsec.service
           └─20646 /usr/libexec/ipsec/pluto --leak-detective --config /etc/ipsec.conf --nofork

~]# systemctl enable ipsec

~]# ipsec newhostkey --output /etc/ipsec.d/hostkey.secrets
Generated RSA key pair with CKAID 14936e48e756eb107fa1438e25a345b46d80433f was stored in the NSS database

~]# ipsec showhostkey --left --ckaid 14936e48e756eb107fa1438e25a345b46d80433f
	# rsakey AQPFKElpV
	leftrsasigkey=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

~]# ipsec showhostkey --list
< 1 >  RSA keyid: AQPFKElpV ckaid: 14936e48e756eb107fa1438e25a345b46d80433f

/etc/ipsec.d/my_host-to-host.conf

conn mytunnel
    leftid=@west.example.com
    left=192.1.2.23
    leftrsasigkey=0sAQOrlo+hOafUZDlCQmXFrje/oZm [...] W2n417C/4urYHQkCvuIQ==
    rightid=@east.example.com
    right=192.1.2.45
    rightrsasigkey=0sAQO3fwC6nSSGgt64DWiYZzuHbc4 [...] D/v8t5YTQ==
    authby=rsasig
    # load and initiate automatically
    auto=start

~]# systemctl restart ipsec

~]# ipsec auto --add mytunnel
~]# ipsec auto --up mytunnel

~]# tcpdump -n -i interface esp or udp port 500 or udp port 4500
00:32:32.632165 IP 192.1.2.45 > 192.1.2.23: ESP(spi=0x63ad7e17,seq=0x1a), length 132
00:32:32.632592 IP 192.1.2.23 > 192.1.2.45: ESP(spi=0x4841b647,seq=0x1a), length 132
00:32:32.632592 IP 192.0.2.254 > 192.0.1.254: ICMP echo reply, id 2489, seq 7, length 64
00:32:33.632221 IP 192.1.2.45 > 192.1.2.23: ESP(spi=0x63ad7e17,seq=0x1b), length 132
00:32:33.632731 IP 192.1.2.23 > 192.1.2.45: ESP(spi=0x4841b647,seq=0x1b), length 132
00:32:33.632731 IP 192.0.2.254 > 192.0.1.254: ICMP echo reply, id 2489, seq 8, length 64
00:32:34.632183 IP 192.1.2.45 > 192.1.2.23: ESP(spi=0x63ad7e17,seq=0x1c), length 132
00:32:34.632607 IP 192.1.2.23 > 192.1.2.45: ESP(spi=0x4841b647,seq=0x1c), length 132
00:32:34.632607 IP 192.0.2.254 > 192.0.1.254: ICMP echo reply, id 2489, seq 9, length 64
00:32:35.632233 IP 192.1.2.45 > 192.1.2.23: ESP(spi=0x63ad7e17,seq=0x1d), length 132
00:32:35.632685 IP 192.1.2.23 > 192.1.2.45: ESP(spi=0x4841b647,seq=0x1d), length 132
00:32:35.632685 IP 192.0.2.254 > 192.0.1.254: ICMP echo reply, id 2489, seq 10, length 64

~]# ipsec whack --trafficstatus
006 #2: "mytunnel", type=ESP, add_time=1234567890, inBytes=336, outBytes=336, id='@east'

conn mysubnet
    also=mytunnel
    leftsubnet=192.0.1.0/24
    rightsubnet=192.0.2.0/24
    auto=start

conn mysubnet6
    also=mytunnel
    connaddrfamily=ipv6
    leftsubnet=2001:db8:0:1::/64
    rightsubnet=2001:db8:0:2::/64
    auto=start

conn mytunnel
    leftid=@west.example.com
    left=192.1.2.23
    leftrsasigkey=0sAQOrlo+hOafUZDlCQmXFrje/oZm [...] W2n417C/4urYHQkCvuIQ==
    rightid=@east.example.com
    right=192.1.2.45
    rightrsasigkey=0sAQO3fwC6nSSGgt64DWiYZzuHbc4 [...] D/v8t5YTQ==
    authby=rsasig

~]# ipsec auto --add mysubnet

~]# ipsec auto --add mysubnet6

~]# ipsec auto --up mysubnet
104 "mysubnet" #1: STATE_MAIN_I1: initiate
003 "mysubnet" #1: received Vendor ID payload [Dead Peer Detection]
003 "mytunnel" #1: received Vendor ID payload [FRAGMENTATION]
106 "mysubnet" #1: STATE_MAIN_I2: sent MI2, expecting MR2
108 "mysubnet" #1: STATE_MAIN_I3: sent MI3, expecting MR3
003 "mysubnet" #1: received Vendor ID payload [CAN-IKEv2]
004 "mysubnet" #1: STATE_MAIN_I4: ISAKMP SA established {auth=OAKLEY_RSA_SIG cipher=aes_128 prf=oakley_sha group=modp2048}
117 "mysubnet" #2: STATE_QUICK_I1: initiate
004 "mysubnet" #2: STATE_QUICK_I2: sent QI2, IPsec SA established tunnel mode {ESP=>0x9414a615 <0x1a8eb4ef xfrm=AES_128-HMAC_SHA1 NATOA=none NATD=none DPD=none}

~]# ipsec auto --up mysubnet6
003 "mytunnel" #1: received Vendor ID payload [FRAGMENTATION]
117 "mysubnet" #2: STATE_QUICK_I1: initiate
004 "mysubnet" #2: STATE_QUICK_I2: sent QI2, IPsec SA established tunnel mode {ESP=>0x06fe2099 <0x75eaa862 xfrm=AES_128-HMAC_SHA1 NATOA=none NATD=none DPD=none}

conn mysubnet
    leftid=@west.example.com
    leftrsasigkey=0sAQOrlo+hOafUZDlCQmXFrje/oZm [...] W2n417C/4urYHQkCvuIQ==
    left=192.1.2.23
    leftsourceip=192.0.1.254
    leftsubnet=192.0.1.0/24
    rightid=@east.example.com
    rightrsasigkey=0sAQO3fwC6nSSGgt64DWiYZzuHbc4 [...] D/v8t5YTQ==
    right=192.1.2.45
    rightsourceip=192.0.2.254
    rightsubnet=192.0.2.0/24
    auto=start
    authby=rsasig

conn roadwarriors
    ikev2=insist
    # Support (roaming) MOBIKE clients (RFC 4555)
    mobike=yes
    fragmentation=yes
    left=1.2.3.4
    # if access to the LAN is given, enable this, otherwise use 0.0.0.0/0
    # leftsubnet=10.10.0.0/16
    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    leftcert=vpn-server.example.com
    leftid=%fromcert
    leftxauthserver=yes
    leftmodecfgserver=yes
    right=%any
    # trust our own Certificate Agency
    rightca=%same
    # pick an IP address pool to assign to remote users
    # 100.64.0.0/16 prevents RFC1918 clashes when remote users are behind NAT
    rightaddresspool=100.64.13.100-100.64.13.254
    # if you want remote clients to use some local DNS zones and servers
    modecfgdns="1.2.3.4, 5.6.7.8"
    modecfgdomains="internal.company.com, corp"
    rightxauthclient=yes
    rightmodecfgclient=yes
    authby=rsasig
    # optionally, run the client X.509 ID through pam to allow/deny client
    # pam-authorize=yes
    # load connection, don't initiate
    auto=add
    # kill vanished roadwarriors
    dpddelay=1m
    dpdtimeout=5m
    dpdaction=%clear

conn to-vpn-server
    ikev2=insist
    # pick up our dynamic IP
    left=%defaultroute
    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    leftcert=myname.example.com
    leftid=%fromcert
    leftmodecfgclient=yes
    # right can also be a DNS hostname
    right=1.2.3.4
    # if access to the remote LAN is required, enable this, otherwise use 0.0.0.0/0
    # rightsubnet=10.10.0.0/16
    rightsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    # trust our own Certificate Agency
    rightca=%same
    authby=rsasig
    # allow narrowing to the server’s suggested assigned IP and remote subnet
    narrowing=yes
    # Support (roaming) MOBIKE clients (RFC 4555)
    mobike=yes
    # Initiate connection
    auto=start

conn xauth-rsa
    ikev2=never
    auto=add
    authby=rsasig
    pfs=no
    rekey=no
    left=ServerIP
    leftcert=vpn.example.com
    #leftid=%fromcert
    leftid=vpn.example.com
    leftsendcert=always
    leftsubnet=0.0.0.0/0
    rightaddresspool=10.234.123.2-10.234.123.254
    right=%any
    rightrsasigkey=%cert
    modecfgdns="1.2.3.4,8.8.8.8"
    modecfgdomains=example.com
    modecfgbanner="Authorized access is allowed"
    leftxauthserver=yes
    rightxauthclient=yes
    leftmodecfgserver=yes
    rightmodecfgclient=yes
    modecfgpull=yes
    xauthby=pam
    dpddelay=30
    dpdtimeout=120
    dpdaction=clear
    ike_frag=yes
    # for walled-garden on xauth failure
    # xauthfail=soft
    # leftupdown=/custom/_updown

추가 리소스

@west @east : PPKS "user1" "thestringismeanttobearandomstr"

~]$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem

~]$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_bits:2048 \ -pkeyopt rsa_keygen_pubexp:3

~]$ openssl genpkey -algorithm RSA -out privkey.pem -aes-128-cbc -pass pass:hello

~]$ openssl verify cert1.pem cert2.pem

~]$ openssl verify -untrusted untrusted.pem -CAfile cacert.pem cert.pem

RSA 키 사용

~]$ openssl pkeyutl -in plaintext -out cyphertext -inkey privkey.pem

~]$ openssl pkeyutl -in plaintext -out cyphertext -inkey privkey.pem -engine id

~]$ openssl engine -t

~]$ openssl pkeyutl -sign -in plaintext -out sigtext -inkey privkey.pem

~]$ openssl pkeyutl -verifyrecover -in sig -inkey key.pem

~]$ openssl pkeyutl -verify -in file -sigfile sig -inkey key.pem

Symmetric Algorithms 사용

~]$ openssl enc -l

openssl enc -aes-128-cbc

~]$ openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -in plaintext -out plaintext.aes-128-cbc

~]$ openssl enc -aes-128-cbc -d -in plaintext.aes-128-cbc -out plaintext

openssl dgst algorithm -out filename -sign private-key

~]$ openssl dgst sha1 -out digest-file

~]$ openssl dgst sha1 -out digest-file -sign privkey.pem

~]$ openssl passwd password

~]$ openssl passwd -1 password

~]$ openssl passwd -salt xx -in password-file

~]$ openssl rand -out rand-file -rand seed-file

~]$ openssl speed algorithm

~]# yum install stunnel

~]# stunnel /etc/stunnel/stunnel.conf

~]# kill `cat /var/run/stunnel/stunnel.pid`

LUKS 개요

cryptsetup luksAddKey device

cryptsetup luksRemoveKey device

~]# yum install opensc

~]$ ssh-keygen -D /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so
ssh-rsa AAAAB3NzaC1yc[...]+g4Mb9

~]$ ssh-copy-id -f -i smartcard.pub user@hostname
user@hostname's password:

Number of key(s) added: 1

Now try logging into the machine, with:   "ssh user@hostname"
and check to make sure that only the key(s) you wanted were added.

[localhost ~]$ ssh -I /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so hostname
Enter PIN for 'Test (UserPIN)':
[hostname ~]$

Host hostname
    PKCS11Provider /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so

[localhost ~]$ ssh hostname
Enter PIN for 'Test (UserPIN)':
[hostname ~]$

~]$ ssh-add -l
Could not open a connection to your authentication agent.
~]$ eval `ssh-agent`

~]$ ssh-add -s /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so
Enter PIN for 'Test (UserPIN)':
Card added: /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so

~]$ ssh-add -e /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so
Card removed: /usr/lib64/pkcs11/opensc-pkcs11.so

~]# yum install rng-tools

~]# systemctl start rngd

~]# systemctl status rngd

~]# rngd --rng-device=/dev/hwrng

~]# rngd -vf
Unable to open file: /dev/tpm0
Available entropy sources:
	DRNG

~]$ cat /proc/cpuinfo | grep rdrand

~]$ cat /dev/random | rngtest -c 1000
rngtest 5
Copyright (c) 2004 by Henrique de Moraes Holschuh
This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

rngtest: starting FIPS tests...
rngtest: bits received from input: 20000032
rngtest: FIPS 140-2 successes: 998
rngtest: FIPS 140-2 failures: 2
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Monobit: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Poker: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Runs: 0
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Long run: 2
rngtest: FIPS 140-2(2001-10-10) Continuous run: 0
rngtest: input channel speed: (min=1.171; avg=8.453; max=11.374)Mibits/s
rngtest: FIPS tests speed: (min=15.545; avg=143.126; max=157.632)Mibits/s
rngtest: Program run time: 2390520 microseconds

그림 4.1. virtio RNG 장치

[D]

~]# yum install clevis

~]$ clevis decrypt < JWE > PLAINTEXT

~]$ clevis
Usage: clevis COMMAND [OPTIONS]

  clevis decrypt      Decrypts using the policy defined at encryption time
  clevis encrypt http Encrypts using a REST HTTP escrow server policy
  clevis encrypt sss  Encrypts using a Shamir's Secret Sharing policy
  clevis encrypt tang Encrypts using a Tang binding server policy
  clevis encrypt tpm2 Encrypts using a TPM2.0 chip binding policy

~]$ clevis decrypt
Usage: clevis decrypt < JWE > PLAINTEXT

Decrypts using the policy defined at encryption time

~]$ clevis encrypt tang
Usage: clevis encrypt tang CONFIG < PLAINTEXT > JWE

Encrypts using a Tang binding server policy

This command uses the following configuration properties:

  url: <string>   The base URL of the Tang server (REQUIRED)

  thp: <string>   The thumbprint of a trusted signing key

  adv: <string>   A filename containing a trusted advertisement
  adv: <object>   A trusted advertisement (raw JSON)

Obtaining the thumbprint of a trusted signing key is easy. If you
have access to the Tang server's database directory, simply do:

    $ jose jwk thp -i $DBDIR/$SIG.jwk

Alternatively, if you have certainty that your network connection
is not compromised (not likely), you can download the advertisement
yourself using:

    $ curl -f $URL/adv > adv.jws

사전 요구 사항

절차

~]# DB=/var/db/tang
~]# jose jwk gen -i '{"alg":"ES512"}' -o $DB/new_sig.jwk
~]# jose jwk gen -i '{"alg":"ECMR"}' -o $DB/new_exc.jwk

~]# mv $DB/old_sig.jwk $DB/.old_sig.jwk
~]# mv $DB/old_exc.jwk $DB/.old_exc.jwk

사전 요구 사항

절차

~]$ clevis encrypt tang '{"url":"http://tang.srv"}' < PLAINTEXT > JWE
The advertisement contains the following signing keys:

_OsIk0T-E2l6qjfdDiwVmidoZjA

Do you wish to trust these keys? [ynYN] y

~]$ clevis decrypt < JWE > PLAINTEXT

~]$ clevis
Usage: clevis COMMAND [OPTIONS]

  clevis decrypt      Decrypts using the policy defined at encryption time
  clevis encrypt http Encrypts using a REST HTTP escrow server policy
  clevis encrypt sss  Encrypts using a Shamir's Secret Sharing policy
  clevis encrypt tang Encrypts using a Tang binding server policy
  clevis encrypt tang Encrypts using a Tang binding server policy
  clevis luks bind    Binds a LUKSv1 device using the specified policy
  clevis luks unlock  Unlocks a LUKSv1 volume

~]$ clevis decrypt
Usage: clevis decrypt < JWE > PLAINTEXT

Decrypts using the policy defined at encryption time

~]$ clevis encrypt tang
Usage: clevis encrypt tang CONFIG < PLAINTEXT > JWE

Encrypts using a Tang binding server policy

This command uses the following configuration properties:

  url: <string>   The base URL of the Tang server (REQUIRED)

  thp: <string>   The thumbprint of a trusted signing key

  adv: <string>   A filename containing a trusted advertisement
  adv: <object>   A trusted advertisement (raw JSON)

Obtaining the thumbprint of a trusted signing key is easy. If you
have access to the Tang server's database directory, simply do:

    $ jose jwk thp -i $DBDIR/$SIG.jwk

Alternatively, if you have certainty that your network connection
is not compromised (not likely), you can download the advertisement
yourself using:

    $ curl -f $URL/adv > adv.jws

~]$ clevis encrypt tpm2 '{}' < PLAINTEXT > JWE

~]$ clevis encrypt tpm2 '{"hash":"sha1","key":"rsa"}' < PLAINTEXT > JWE

~]$ clevis decrypt < JWE > PLAINTEXT

~]$ clevis encrypt tpm2 '{"pcr_bank":"sha1","pcr_ids":"0,1"}' < PLAINTEXT > JWE

~]# yum install clevis-luks

~]# clevis luks bind -d /dev/sda tang '{"url":"http://tang.srv"}'
The advertisement contains the following signing keys:

_OsIk0T-E2l6qjfdDiwVmidoZjA

Do you wish to trust these keys? [ynYN] y
You are about to initialize a LUKS device for metadata storage.
Attempting to initialize it may result in data loss if data was
already written into the LUKS header gap in a different format.
A backup is advised before initialization is performed.

Do you wish to initialize /dev/sda? [yn] y
Enter existing LUKS password:

~]# luksmeta show -d /dev/sda
0   active empty
1   active cb6e8904-81ff-40da-a84a-07ab9ab5715e
2 inactive empty
3 inactive empty
4 inactive empty
5 inactive empty
6 inactive empty
7 inactive empty

~]# yum install clevis-dracut
~]# dracut -f --regenerate-all

~]# dracut -f --regenerate-all --kernel-cmdline "ip=192.0.2.10 netmask=255.255.255.0 gateway=192.0.2.1 nameserver=192.0.2.45"

~]# cat /etc/dracut.conf.d/static_ip.conf
kernel_cmdline="ip=10.0.0.103 netmask=255.255.252.0 gateway=10.0.0.1 nameserver=10.0.0.1"

~]# dracut -f --regenerate-all

~]# yum install clevis-udisks2

~]# clevis luks bind -d /dev/sdb1 tang '{"url":"http://tang.srv"}'

~]# clevis luks unlock -d /dev/sdb1

~]# yum install aide

~]# aide --init

AIDE, version 0.15.1

### AIDE database at /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz initialized.

~]# mv /var/lib/aide/aide.db.new.gz /var/lib/aide/aide.db.gz

~]# aide --check
AIDE 0.15.1 found differences between database and filesystem!!
Start timestamp: 2017-03-30 14:12:56

Summary:
  Total number of files:	147173
  Added files:			1
  Removed files:		0
  Changed files:		2
...

05 4 * * * root /usr/sbin/aide --check

~]# aide --update

~]# yum install usbguard

~]# usbguard generate-policy > /etc/usbguard/rules.conf

~]# systemctl start usbguard.service
~]# systemctl status usbguard
● usbguard.service - USBGuard daemon
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/usbguard.service; disabled; vendor preset: disabled)
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2017-06-06 13:29:31 CEST; 9s ago
     Docs: man:usbguard-daemon(8)
 Main PID: 4984 (usbguard-daemon)
   CGroup: /system.slice/usbguard.service
           └─4984 /usr/sbin/usbguard-daemon -k -c /etc/usbguard/usbguard-daem...

~]# systemctl enable usbguard.service
Created symlink from /etc/systemd/system/basic.target.wants/usbguard.service to /usr/lib/systemd/system/usbguard.service.

~]# usbguard list-devices
1: allow id 1d6b:0002 serial "0000:00:06.7" name "EHCI Host Controller" hash "JDOb0BiktYs2ct3mSQKopnOOV2h9MGYADwhT+oUtF2s=" parent-hash "4PHGcaDKWtPjKDwYpIRG722cB9SlGz9l9Iea93+Gt9c=" via-port "usb1" with-interface 09:00:00
...
6: block id 1b1c:1ab1 serial "000024937962" name "Voyager" hash "CrXgiaWIf2bZAU+5WkzOE7y0rdSO82XMzubn7HDb95Q=" parent-hash "JDOb0BiktYs2ct3mSQKopnOOV2h9MGYADwhT+oUtF2s=" via-port "1-3" with-interface 08:06:50

~]# usbguard allow-device 6

~]# usbguard block-device 6

~]$ usbguard --help

rule ::= target device_id device_attributes conditions.

target ::= "allow" | "block" | "reject".

device_id ::= "*:*" | vendor_id ":*" | vendor_id ":" product_id.

device_attributes ::= device_attributes | attribute.
device_attributes ::= .

conditions ::= conditions | condition.
conditions ::= .

~]$ usbguard generate-policy > rules.conf
~]$ vim rules.conf

~]# install -m 0600 -o root -g root rules.conf /etc/usbguard/rules.conf

프로토콜 버전

암호화 제품군

공개 키 길이

설치된 문서

온라인 문서

다음을 참조하십시오.

# cp ~/certificate-trust-examples/Cert-trust-test-ca.pem /usr/share/pki/ca-trust-source/anchors/
# update-ca-trust

$ trust
usage: trust command <args>...

Common trust commands are:
  list             List trust or certificates
  extract          Extract certificates and trust
  extract-compat   Extract trust compatibility bundles
  anchor           Add, remove, change trust anchors
  dump             Dump trust objects in internal format

See 'trust <command> --help' for more information

$ trust list
pkcs11:id=%d2%87%b4%e3%df%37%27%93%55%f6%56%ea%81%e5%36%cc%8c%1e%3f%bd;type=cert
    type: certificate
    label: ACCVRAIZ1
    trust: anchor
    category: authority

pkcs11:id=%a6%b3%e1%2b%2b%49%b6%d7%73%a1%aa%94%f5%01%e7%73%65%4c%ac%50;type=cert
    type: certificate
    label: ACEDICOM Root
    trust: anchor
    category: authority
...
[output has been truncated]

$ trust list --help
usage: trust list --filter=<what>

  --filter=<what>     filter of what to export
                        ca-anchors        certificate anchors
                        blacklist         blacklisted certificates
                        trust-policy      anchors and blacklist (default)
                        certificates      all certificates
                        pkcs11:object=xx  a PKCS#11 URI
  --purpose=<usage>   limit to certificates usable for the purpose
                        server-auth       for authenticating servers
                        client-auth       for authenticating clients
                        email             for email protection
                        code-signing      for authenticating signed code
                        1.2.3.4.5...      an arbitrary object id
  -v, --verbose       show verbose debug output
  -q, --quiet         suppress command output

# trust anchor path.to/certificate.crt

# trust anchor --remove path.to/certificate.crt
# trust anchor --remove "pkcs11:id=%AA%BB%CC%DD%EE;type=cert"