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Considerations in adopting RHEL 9

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

Key differences between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9

Red Hat Customer Content Services

Abstract

This document provides an overview of changes in RHEL 9 since RHEL 8 to help you evaluate an upgrade to RHEL 9.

Making open source more inclusive

Red Hat is committed to replacing problematic language in our code, documentation, and web properties. We are beginning with these four terms: master, slave, blacklist, and whitelist. Because of the enormity of this endeavor, these changes will be implemented gradually over several upcoming releases. For more details, see our CTO Chris Wright’s message.

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Chapter 1. Preface

This document provides an overview of differences between two major versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux: RHEL 8 and RHEL 9. It provides a list of changes relevant for evaluating an upgrade to RHEL 9 rather than an exhaustive list of all alterations.

For details regarding RHEL 9 usage, see the RHEL 9 product documentation.

For guidance regarding an in-place upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9, see Upgrading from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9.

For information about major differences between RHEL 7 and RHEL 8, see Considerations in adopting RHEL 8.

Capabilities and limits of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 as compared to other versions of the system are available in the Knowledgebase article Red Hat Enterprise Linux technology capabilities and limits.

Information regarding the Red Hat Enterprise Linux life cycle is provided in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle document.

The Package manifest document provides a package listing for RHEL 9, including licenses and application compatibility levels.

Application compatibility levels are explained in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: Application Compatibility Guide document.

Chapter 2. Architectures

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 is distributed with the kernel version 5.14, which provides support for the following architectures at the minimum required version:

AMD and Intel 64-bit architectures (x86-64-v2)
The 64-bit ARM architecture (ARMv8.0-A)
IBM Power Systems, Little Endian (POWER9)
64-bit IBM Z (z14)

Make sure you purchase the appropriate subscription for each architecture.

Additional resources

Get Started with Red Hat Enterprise Linux - additional architectures

Chapter 3. Repositories

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 is distributed through two main repositories:

BaseOS
AppStream

Both repositories are required for a basic RHEL installation, and are available with all RHEL subscriptions.

Content in the BaseOS repository is intended to provide the core set of the underlying OS functionality that provides the foundation for all installations. This content is available in the RPM format and is subject to support terms similar to those in previous releases of RHEL. For more information, see the Scope of Coverage Details document.

Content in the AppStream repository includes additional user-space applications, runtime languages, and databases in support of the varied workloads and use cases.

In addition, the CodeReady Linux Builder repository is available with all RHEL subscriptions. It provides additional packages for use by developers. Packages included in the CodeReady Linux Builder repository are unsupported.

Additional resources

Package manifest

Chapter 4. Application Streams

Multiple versions of user-space components are delivered as Application Streams and updated more frequently than the core operating system packages. This provides greater flexibility to customize RHEL without impacting the underlying stability of the platform or specific deployments.

Each Application Stream component has a given life cycle, either the same as RHEL 9 or shorter. For RHEL life cycle information, see Red Hat Enterprise Linux Life Cycle and Red Hat Enterprise Linux Application Streams Life Cycle.

Application Streams are available in the following formats:

the familiar RPM format
as an extension to the RPM format called modules
as Software Collections
as Flatpaks.

RHEL 9 improves the Application Streams experience by providing initial Application Stream versions that can be installed as RPM packages using the traditional dnf install command.

Note

Certain initial Application Streams in the RPM format have a shorter life cycle than Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.

Some additional Application Stream versions will be distributed as modules with a shorter life cycle in future minor RHEL 9 releases. It is recommended to review the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Application Stream Lifecycle definitions for any content life cycle considerations.

Always determine what version of an Application Stream you want to install and make sure to review the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Application Stream Lifecycle first.

Content that needs rapid updating, such as alternate compilers and container tools, is available in rolling streams that will not provide alternative versions in parallel. Rolling streams can be packaged as RPMs or modules.

For information about Application Streams available in RHEL 9 and their application compatibility level, see the Package manifest. Application compatibility levels are explained in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9: Application Compatibility Guide document.

Additional resources

Chapter 5. Installer and image creation

This chapter lists the most notable changes to installer and image creation between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

5.1. Installer

Anaconda activates network automatically for interactive installations

Anaconda now activates the network automatically when performing interactive installation, without requiring users to manually activate it in the network spoke. This update does not change the installation experience for Kickstart installations and installations using the ip= boot option.

New options to Lock root account and Allow root SSH login with password

RHEL 9 adds following new options to the root password configuration screen:

Lock root account: To lock the root access to the machine.
Allow root SSH login with password: To enable password-based SSH root logins.

During the Kickstart installation method, enable the password-based SSH root logins by adding the following line to the Kickstart file:

%post
echo "PermitRootLogin yes" > /etc/ssh/sshd_config.d/01-permitrootlogin.conf
%end

Licensing, system, and user setting configuration screens have been disabled post standard installation

Previously, RHEL users configured Licensing, System (Subscription manager), and User Settings prior to gnome-initial-setup and login screens. Starting with RHEL 9, the initial setup screens have been disabled by default to improve user experience. If you must run the initial setup for user creation or license display, install the following packages based on the requirements.

To install initial setup packages:

# dnf install initial-setup initial-setup-gui

To enable initial setup after the next reboot of the system.
```
# systemctl enable initial-setup
```
Reboot the system to view initial setup.

For Kickstart installations, add initial-setup-gui to the packages section and enable the initial-setup service.

firstboot --enable
%packages
@^graphical-server-environment
initial-setup-gui
%end

The rhsm command for machine provisioning through Kickstart for Satellite is now available

The rhsm command replaces the %post scripts for machine provisioning on RHEL 9. The rhsm command helps with all provisioning tasks such as registering the system, attaching RHEL subscriptions, and installing from a Satellite instance. For more information, see the Registering and installing RHEL from Satellite using Kickstart section in the Performing an advanced RHEL installation guide.

New Kickstart command - timesource

The new timesource Kickstart command is optional and it helps to set NTP, NTS servers, and NTP pools that provide time data. It also helps to control enabling or disabling the NTP services on the system. The --ntpservers option from the timezone command has been deprecated and has been replaced with this new command.

Support for Anaconda boot arguments without inst. prefix is no longer available

Anaconda boot arguments without the inst. prefix have been deprecated since RHEL 7. Support for these boot arguments has been removed in RHEL 9. To continue using these options, use the inst. prefix

For example, to force the installation program to run in the text mode instead of the graphical mode, use the following option:

inst.text

Removed Kickstart commands and options

The following Kickstart commands and options have been removed from RHEL 9. Using them in Kickstart files causes an error.

device
deviceprobe
dmraid
install - use the subcommands or methods directly as commands
multipath
bootloader --upgrade
ignoredisk --interactive
partition --active
harddrive --biospart
autostep

Where only specific options and values are listed, the base command and its other options are still available and not removed.

Removed boot options

The following boot options have been removed from Red Hat Enterprise Linux:

inst.zram
RHEL 9 does not support the zram service. See the zram-generator(8) man page for more information.
inst.singlelang
The single language mode is not supported on RHEL 9.
inst.loglevel
The log level is always set to debug.

5.2. Image creation

This version introduces the following enhancements over its previous versions.

A new and improved way to create blueprints and images in the image builder web console

With the new unified version of the image builder tool, you can much more easily create blueprints and images. Notable enhancements include the following:

You can now use all the customizations previously supported only in the command-line interface, such as kernel, file system, firewall, locale, and other customizations, in the image builder web console.
You can import, export, and save blueprints in the .JSON or .TOML format.

Image builder supports creating customized files and directories in the /etc directory

With the new`[[customizations.files]]` and the [[customizations.directories]] blueprint customizations, you can create customized files and directories in the /etc image directory. Currently, these customizations are only available in the /etc directory. You can use the customizations for all available image types, except image types that deploy OSTree commits, such as:

edge-raw-image
edge-installer
edge-simplified-installer

.vhd images built with image builder now have support for 64-bit ARM

You can now build .vhd images using image builder and upload them to the Microsoft Azure cloud.

Image builder supports customized file system partitions on LVM

With support for customized file system partitions on LVM, if you add any file system customization to your system, the file systems are converted to an LVM partition.

Image builder now supports file system configuration

As of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0, Image Builder provides support for users to specify a custom filesystem configuration in blueprints to create images with a specific disk layout, instead of using the default layout configuration.

Image builder can create bootable ISO Installer images

You can use image uilder GUI and CLI to create bootable ISO Installer images. These images consist of a tar file that contains a root file system which you can use to install directly to a bare metal server.

Chapter 6. Subscription management

6.1. Notable changes to subscription management

Merged system purpose commands under the subscription-manager syspurpose command

Previously, there were two different commands to set system purpose attributes; syspurpose and subscription-manager. To unify all the system purpose attributes under one module, all the addons, role, service-level, and usage commands from subscription-manager have been moved to the new submodule, subscription-manager syspurpose.

Existing subscription-manager commands outside the new submodule are deprecated. The separate package (python3-syspurpose) that provides the syspurpose command line tool has been removed in RHEL 9.

This update provides a consistent way to view, set, and update all system purpose attributes using a single command of subscription-manager. This command replaces all the existing system purpose commands with their equivalent versions available as a new subcommand. For example, subscription-manager role --set SystemRole becomes subscription-manager syspurpose role --set SystemRole and so on.

For complete information about the new commands, options, and other attributes, see the SYSPURPOSE OPTIONS section in the subscription-manager man page or Configuring system purpose using the subscription manager command line tool.

virt-who now uses /etc/virt-who.conf for global options instead of /etc/sysconfig/virt-who

In RHEL 9, the global options for the virt-who utility on your system are stored in the /etc/virt-who.conf file. Therefore, the /etc/sysconfig/virt-who file is not being used any more, and has been removed.

Chapter 7. Software management

This chapter lists the most notable changes to software management between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

7.1. Notable changes to software management

Package management with DNF/YUM

In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, software installation is ensured by DNF. Red Hat continues to support the usage of the yum term for consistency with previous major versions of RHEL. If you type dnf instead of yum, the command works as expected because both are aliases for compatibility.

Although RHEL 8 and RHEL 9 are based on DNF, they are compatible with YUM used in RHEL 7.

For more information, see Managing software with the DNF tool.

Notable RPM features and changes

Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 is distributed with RPM version 4.16. This version introduces many enhancements over its previous versions.

Notable features include:

New SPEC features, most notably:
- Fast macro-based dependency generators
  It is now possible to define dependency generators as regular RPM macros. This is especially useful in combination with the embedded Lua interpreter (%{lua:…}) because it enables writing sophisticated yet fast generators and avoiding redundant forking and executing a shell script.
  Example:
```
%__foo_provides()    %{basename:%{1}}
```
- The %generate_buildrequires section that enables generating dynamic build dependencies
  Additional build dependencies can now be generated programmatically at RPM build time, using the newly available %generate_buildrequires section. This is useful when packaging software written in a language in which a specialized utility is commonly used to determine run-time or build-time dependencies, such as Rust, Golang, Node.js, Ruby, Python or Haskell.
- Meta (unordered) dependencies
  A new dependency qualifier called meta enables expressing dependencies that are not specifically install-time or run-time dependencies. This is useful for avoiding unnecessary dependency loops that could otherwise arise from the normal dependency ordering, such as when specifying the dependencies of a meta package.
  Example:
```
Requires(meta): <pkgname>
```
- Native version comparison in expressions
  It is now possible to compare arbitrary version strings in expressions by using the newly supported v"…" format.
  Example:
```
%if v"%{python_version}" < v"3.9"
```
- Caret version operator, opposite of tilde
  The new caret (^) operator can be used to express a version that is higher than the base version. It is a complement to the existing tilde (~) operator which has the opposite semantics.
- %elif, %elifos and %elifarch statements
- Optional automatic patch and source numbering
  Patch: and Source: tags without a number are now automatically numbered based on the order in which they are listed.
- %autopatch now accepts patch ranges
  The %autopatch macro now accepts the -m and -M parameters to limit the minimum and maximum patch number to apply, respectively.
- %patchlist and %sourcelist sections
  It is now possible to list patch and source files without preceding each item with the respective Patch: and Source: tags by using the newly added %patchlist and %sourcelist sections.
- A more intuitive way to declare build conditionals
  Starting from RHEL 9.2, you can use the new %bcond macro to build conditionals. The %bcond macro takes a build conditional name and the default value as arguments. Compared to the old %bcond_with and %bcond_without macros, %bcond is easier to understand and allows you to calculate the default value at build time. The default value can be any numeric expression.
  Example:
  - To create a gnutls build conditional, enabled by default:
    %bcond gnutls 1
  - To create a bootstrap build conditional, disabled by default:
    %bcond bootstrap 0
  - To create an openssl build conditional, defaulting to opposite of gnutls:
    %bcond openssl %{without gnutls}
The RPM database is now based on the sqlite library. Read-only support for BerkeleyDB databases has been retained for migration and query purposes.
A new rpm-plugin-audit plug-in for issuing audit log events on transactions, previously built into RPM itself
Increased parallelism in package builds
There have been numerous improvements to the way the package build process is parallelized. These improvements involve various buildroot policy scripts and sanity checks, file classification, and subpackage creation and ordering. As a result, package builds on multiprocessor systems, particularly for large packages, should now be faster and more efficient.
Enforced UTF-8 validation of header data at build-time
RPM now supports the Zstandard (zstd) compression algorithm
In RHEL 9, the default RPM compression algorithm has switched to Zstandard (zstd). As a result, packages now install faster, which can be especially noticeable during large transactions.

Chapter 8. Shells and command-line tools

This chapter lists the most notable changes to shells and command-line tools between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

8.1. Notable changes to system management

Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm is not available for net-snmp communication in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

In previous versions of RHEL, DES was used as an encryption algorithm for secure communication between net-snmp clients and servers. In RHEL 9, the DES algorithm isn’t supported by the OpenSSL library. The algorithm is marked as insecure and the DES support for net-snmp has therefore been removed.

The ABRT tool has been removed

The Automatic Bug Reporting Tool (ABRT) for detecting and reporting application crashes is not available in RHEL 9.

As a replacement, use the systemd-coredump tool to log and store core dumps, which are automatically generated files after a program crashes.

The hidepid=n mount option is not supported in RHEL 9 systemd

The mount option hidepid=n, which controls who can access information in /proc/[pid] directories, is not compatible with systemd infrastructure provided in RHEL 9.

In addition, using this option might cause certain services started by systemd to produce SELinux AVC denial messages and prevent other operations from being completed.

The dump utility from the dump package has been removed

The dump utility used for backup of file systems has been deprecated in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8 and is not available in RHEL 9.

In RHEL 9, Red Hat recommends using the tar, or dd as a backup tool for ext2, ext3, and ext4 file systems. The dump utility will be a part of the EPEL 9 repository.

Note that the restore utility from the dump package remains available and supported in RHEL 9 and is available as the restore package.

RHEL 9 does not contain ReaR crontab

The /etc/cron.d/rear crontab in the rear package, which runs rear mkrescue after the disk layout changes, has been removed in RHEL 9.

If you relied on the /etc/cron.d/rear crontab to run rear mkrescue, you can manually configure periodic runs of ReaR instead.

Note

The rear package in RHEL contains the following examples for scheduling jobs:

the /usr/share/doc/rear/rear.cron example crontab
the /usr/share/doc/rear/rear.{service,timer} example systemd unit

Do not use these examples without site-specific modifications or other actions to take updated backups for system recovery. You must take regular backups in addition to re-creating the rescue image. The steps to take a backup depend on the local configuration. If you run the rear mkrescue command without taking an updated backup at the same time, the system recovery process would use a previous backup that might be inconsistent with the saved layout.

8.2. Notable changes to command-line tools

Support for the raw command-line tool has been removed

With this release, the raw (/usr/bin/raw) command-line tool has been removed from the util-linux package, because Linux kernel does not support raw devices since version 5.14.

Currently, there is no replacement available.

Chapter 9. Infrastructure services

This chapter lists the most notable changes to infrastructure services between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

9.1. Notable changes to infrastructure services

Support for Berkeley DB dynamic back end has been removed

With this release, the Berkeley DB (libdb) dynamic back end is no longer supported. The named-sdb build is no longer provided. You can use the DLZ loadable plugins for each back end, for example, sqlite3 or mysql. Those plugins are not built or shipped and have to be built from the source.

The mod_php module provided with PHP for use with the Apache HTTP Server has been removed

The mod_php module provided with PHP for use with the Apache HTTP Server is no longer available in RHEL 9.

Since RHEL 8, PHP scripts are run using the FastCGI Process Manager (php-fpm) by default. For more information, see Using PHP with the Apache HTTP Server.

Chapter 10. Security

This chapter lists the most notable changes to security between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

10.1. Security compliance

CIS and DISA STIG profiles provided as DRAFT

The profiles based on benchmarks from the Center for Internet Security (CIS) and Defence Industry Security Association Security Technical Implementation Guides (DISA STIG) are provided as DRAFT because the issuing authorities have not yet published an official benchmark for RHEL 9. In addition, the OSSP profile is in DRAFT because it is being implemented.

For a complete list of profiles available in RHEL 9, see SCAP Security Guide profiles supported in RHEL 9.

OpenSCAP no longer supports SHA-1 and MD5

Due to removal of SHA-1 and MD5 hash functions in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, support for OVAL filehash_test has been removed from OpenSCAP. Also, support for SHA-1 and MD5 hash functions has been removed from OVAL filehash58_test implementation in OpenSCAP. As a result, OpenSCAP evaluates rules in SCAP content that use the OVAL filehash_test as notchecked. In addition, OpenSCAP returns notchecked also when evaluating OVAL filehash58_test with the hash_type element within filehash58_object set to SHA-1 or MD5.

To update your OVAL content, rewrite the affected SCAP content so that it uses filehash58_test instead of filehash_test and use one of SHA-224, SHA-256, SHA-384, SHA-512 in the hash_type element within filehash58_object.

OpenSCAP uses the data stream file instead of the XCCDF file

The SCAP source data stream file (ssg-rhel9-ds.xml) contains all the data that in previous versions of RHEL were contained in the XCCDF file (ssg-rhel9-xccdf.xml). The SCAP source data stream is a container file that includes all the components (XCCDF, OVAL, CPE) needed to perform a compliance scan. Using the SCAP source data stream instead of XCCDF has been recommended since RHEL 7. In previous versions of RHEL, the data in the XCCDF file and SCAP source data stream was duplicated. In RHEL 9, this duplication is removed to reduce the RPM package size. If your scenario requires using separate files instead of the data stream, you can split the data stream file by using this command: # oscap ds sds-split /usr/share/xml/scap/ssg/content/ssg-rhel9-ds.xml output_directory.

10.2. Crypto-policies, RHEL core cryptographic components, and protocols

Continuing SHA-1 deprecation

In RHEL 9, SHA-1 usage for signatures is restricted in the DEFAULT system-wide cryptographic policy. Except for HMAC, SHA-1 is no longer allowed in TLS, DTLS, SSH, IKEv2, DNSSEC, and Kerberos protocols. Individual applications not controlled by the RHEL system-wide crypto policies are also moving away from using SHA-1 hashes in RHEL 9.

If your scenario requires the use of SHA-1 for verifying existing or third-party cryptographic signatures, you can enable it by entering the following command:

# update-crypto-policies --set DEFAULT:SHA1

Alternatively, you can switch the system-wide crypto policies to the LEGACY policy. Note that LEGACY also enables many other algorithms that are not secure. See the Re-enabling SHA-1 section in the RHEL 9 Security hardening document for more information.

For solutions of compatibility problems with systems that still require SHA-1, see the following KCS articles:

Algorithms disabled in all policy levels

The following algorithms are disabled in the LEGACY, DEFAULT and FUTURE crypto policies provided with RHEL 9:

TLS older than version 1.2 (since RHEL 9, was < 1.0 in RHEL 8)
DTLS older than version 1.2 (since RHEL 9, was < 1.0 in RHEL 8)
DH with parameters < 2048 bits (since RHEL 9, was < 1024 bits in RHEL 8)
RSA with key size < 2048 bits (since RHEL 9, was < 1024 bits in RHEL 8)
DSA (since RHEL 9, was < 1024 bits in RHEL 8)
3DES (since RHEL 9)
RC4 (since RHEL 9)
FFDHE-1024 (since RHEL 9)
DHE-DSS (since RHEL 9)
Camellia (since RHEL 9)
ARIA
SEED
IDEA
Integrity-only cipher suites
TLS CBC mode cipher suites using SHA-384 HMAC
AES-CCM8
All ECC curves incompatible with TLS 1.3, including secp256k1
IKEv1 (since RHEL 8)
NSEC3DSA in the BIND configuration (since RHEL 9.2)

Caution

If your scenario requires a policy that has been disabled, you can enable it by applying a custom cryptographic policy or by an explicit configuration of individual applications, but the resulting configuration will not be supported.

Changes to TLS

In RHEL 9, TLS configuration is performed using the system-wide cryptographic policies mechanism. TLS versions below 1.2 are not supported anymore. DEFAULT, FUTURE and LEGACY cryptographic policies allow only TLS 1.2 and 1.3. See Using system-wide cryptographic policies for more information.

The default settings provided by libraries included in RHEL 9 are secure enough for most deployments. The TLS implementations use secure algorithms where possible while not preventing connections from or to legacy clients or servers. Apply hardened settings in environments with strict security requirements where legacy clients or servers that do not support secure algorithms or protocols are not expected or allowed to connect.

SCP not supported in RHEL 9

The secure copy protocol (SCP) protocol is no longer supported because it is difficult to secure. It has already caused security issues, for example CVE-2020-15778. In RHEL 9, SCP is replaced by the SSH File Transfer Protocol (SFTP) by default.

Caution

By default, SSH cannot connect from RHEL 9 systems to older systems (for example, RHEL 6) or from older systems to RHEL 9. This is because the cryptographic algorithms used in older versions are now considered insecure. If your scenario requires connecting with older systems, you can either use the ECDSA and ECDH algorithms as keys on the legacy system or use the legacy cryptographic policy on the RHEL 9 system. For additional details, see the solutions SSH from RHEL 9 to RHEL 6 systems does not work and Failed connection with SSH servers and clients that do not support the server-sig-algs extension.

OpenSSH root password login disabled by default

The default configuration of OpenSSH in RHEL 9 disallows users to log in as root with a password to prevent attackers from gaining access through brute-force attacks on passwords.

GnuTLS no longer supports TPM 1.2

The GnuTLS library no longer supports the Trusted Platform Module (TPM) 1.2 technology. Your applications using TPM through the GnuTLS API must support TPM 2.0.

GnuTLS support for GOST has been removed

In RHEL 8, the GOST ciphers have been disabled through the system-wide cryptographic policies. In RHEL 9, support for these ciphers has been removed from the GnuTLS library.

cyrus-sasl now uses GDBM instead of Berkeley DB

The cyrus-sasl package is now built without the libdb dependency, and the sasldb plugin uses the GDBM database format instead of Berkeley DB. To migrate your existing Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL) databases stored in the old Berkeley DB format, use the cyrusbdb2current tool with the following syntax:

cyrusbdb2current <sasldb_path> <new_path>

NSS no longer support DBM and pk12util defaults changed

The Network Security Services (NSS) libraries no longer support the DBM file format for the trust database. In RHEL 8, the SQLite file format became the default format, and the existing DBM databases were opened on read-only mode and automatically converted to SQLite. Before you upgrade to RHEL 9, update all trust databases from DBM to SQLite.

Additionally, the pk12util tool now uses the AES and SHA-256 algorithms instead of DES-3 and SHA-1 by default when exporting private keys.

Note that SHA-1 is disabled by the default system-wide cryptographic policy for all signatures in RHEL 9.

NSS no longer support RSA keys shorter than 1023 bits

The update of the Network Security Services (NSS) libraries changes the minimum key size for all RSA operations from 128 to 1023 bits. This means that NSS no longer perform the following functions:

Generate RSA keys shorter than 1023 bits.
Sign or verify RSA signatures with RSA keys shorter than 1023 bits.
Encrypt or decrypt values with RSA key shorter than 1023 bits.

OpenSSL ENGINE extension API is not supported in FIPS mode

The legacy extension system to OpenSSL, the ENGINE API, is not compatible with the new provider API. Therefore, applications that depend on functionality provided by OpenSSL engines, such as the openssl-pkcs11 and openssl-ibmca modules, cannot be used in FIPS mode.

FIPS mode in OpenSSL must be enabled to work correctly

If you are using non-default values in the openssl.cnf configuration file with FIPS mode enabled, and especially when using a third-party FIPS provider, add fips=yes to the openssl.cnf file.

OpenSSL does not accept explicit curve parameters in FIPS mode

Elliptic curve cryptography parameters, private keys, public keys, and certificates that specified explicit curve parameters no longer work in FIPS mode. Specifying the curve parameters using ASN.1 object identifiers, which use one of the FIPS-approved curves, still works in FIPS mode.

Libreswan now requests ESN by default

In Libreswan, the default value for the configuration option esn= has changed from no to either. This means that when initiating connections, Libreswan requests the use of Extended Serial Number (ESN) by default. In particular, when hardware offload is used, this new behavior prevents certain network interface cards (NIC) from establishing IPsec connection if they do not support ESN. To disable ESN, set esn= to no and the replay_window= option to a value of 32 or lower. For example:

  esn=no
  replay_window=32

The replay_window= option is necessary because a different mechanism uses ESN for anti-replay protection with window sizes larger than 32.

10.3. SELinux

Support for disabling SELinux through /etc/selinux/config has been removed

With this release, support for disabling SELinux through the SELINUX=disabled option in the /etc/selinux/config file has been removed from the kernel. When you disable SELinux only through /etc/selinux/config, the system starts with SELinux enabled but with no policy loaded, and SELinux security hooks remain registered in the kernel. This means that SELinux disabled through /etc/selinux/config still requires some system resources, and you should prefer disabling through the kernel command line in all performance-sensitive scenarios.

Furthermore, the Anaconda installation program and the corresponding man pages have been updated to reflect this change. This change also enables read-only-after-initialization protection for the Linux Security Module (LSM) hooks.

If your scenario requires disabling SELinux, add the selinux=0 parameter to your kernel command line.

See the Remove support for SELinux run-time disable Fedora wiki page for more information.

Chapter 11. Networking

This chapter lists the most notable changes to networking between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

11.1. Kernel

WireGuard VPN is available as a Technology Preview

WireGuard, which Red Hat provides as an unsupported Technology Preview, is a high-performance VPN solution that runs in the Linux kernel. It uses modern cryptography and is easier to configure than other VPN solutions. Additionally, the small code-basis of WireGuard reduces the surface for attacks and, therefore, improves the security.

For further details, see Setting up a WireGuard VPN.

11.2. Network Types

Network teams are deprecated

The teamd service and the libteam library are deprecated in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 and will be removed in the next major release. As a replacement, configure a bond instead of a network team.

Red Hat focuses its efforts on kernel-based bonding to avoid maintaining two features, bonds and teams, that have similar functions. The bonding code has a high customer adoption, is robust, and has an active community development. As a result, the bonding code receives enhancements and updates.

For details about how to migrate a team to a bond, see Migrating a network team configuration to network bond.

11.3. NetworkManager

NetworkManager stores new network configurations in a key file format

Previously, NetworkManager stored new network configurations to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ in the ifcfg format. Starting with RHEL 9.0, RHEL stores new network configurations at /etc/NetworkManager/system-connections/ in a key file format. The connections for which the configurations are stored to /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ in the old format still work uninterrupted. Modifications in existing profiles continue updating the older files.

The WEP Wi-Fi connection method has been removed

The insecure wired equivalent privacy (WEP) Wi-Fi connection method has been removed from RHEL 9. For secure Wi-Fi connections, use the Wi-Fi Protected Access 3 (WPA3) or WPA2 connection methods.

11.4. MPTCP

The mptcpd service is available

With this update the mptcpd service is available for usage. It is a user space based MPTCP path manager with integrated mptcpize tool.

The mptcpd service provides the simplified automatic configuration of the MPTCP`paths. It benefits with better reliability of the `MPTCP socket in case of network failure or reconfiguration.

Now you can use the mptcpize tool to enable the MPTCP protocol on the existing systemd units without additional external dependencies.

11.5. Firewall

The ipset and iptables-nft packages have been deprecated

The ipset and iptables-nft packages have been deprecated in RHEL. The iptables-nft package contains different tools such as iptables, ip6tables, ebtables and arptables. These tools will no longer receive new features and using them for new deployments is not recommended. As a replacement, it is recommended to use the nft command line tool provided by the nftables package. Existing setups should migrate to nft when possible.

For more information about migrating to nftables, see Migrating from iptables to nftables, as well as the iptables-translate(8) and ip6tables-translate(8) man pages.

The unsupported xt_u32 Netfilter module has been removed

RHEL 8 contained the unsupported xt_u32 module, which enabled iptables users to match arbitrary 32 bits in the packet header or payload. This module has been removed from RHEL 9. As a replacement, use the nftables packet filtering framework. If no native match exists in nftables, use the raw payload matching feature of nftables. For details, see the raw payload expression section in the nft(8) man page.

11.6. Infiniband and RDMA networks

The ibdev2netdev script has been removed from RHEL 9

ibdev2netdev was a helper utility that was able to display all the associations between network devices and Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) adapter ports. Previously, Red Hat was including ibdev2netdev in the rdma-core package. From Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9, ibdev2netdev has been removed and replaced by the rdmatool utility. Now, the iproute package includes rdmatool.

11.7. Removed functionality

RHEL 9 does not contain the legacy network scripts

RHEL 9 does not contain the network-scripts package that provided the deprecated legacy network scripts in RHEL 8. To configure network connections in RHEL 9, use NetworkManager. For details, see the Configuring and managing networking documentation.

The unsupported xt_u32 Netfilter module has been removed

Data Encryption Standard (DES) algorithm is not available for net-snmp communication in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9

In previous versions of RHEL, DES was used as an encryption algorithm for secure communication between net-snmp clients and servers. In RHEL 9, the DES algorithm isn’t supported by the OpenSSL library. The algorithm is marked as insecure and hence the DES support for net-snmp has been removed.

Chapter 12. Kernel

This chapter lists the most notable changes to kernel between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

12.1. Notable changes to kdump memory allocation

The kexec-tools package now supports the default crashkernel memory reservation values for RHEL 9

The kexec-tools package now maintains the default crashkernel memory reservation values. The kdump service uses the default value to reserve the crashkernel memory for each kernel. This implementation also improves memory allocation for kdump when a system has less than 4GB of available memory.

If the memory reserved by the default crashkernel value is not sufficient on your system, you can increase the crashkernel parameter using the default value as a reference.

To query the default crashkernel value:

 $ kdumpctl get-default-crashkernel

Note that the crashkernel=auto option in the boot command line is no longer supported on RHEL 9 and later releases.

For more information, see the /usr/share/doc/kexec-tools/crashkernel-howto.txt file.

12.2. Notable changes to the RHEL for Real Time kernel

The TPM 1.2 secure cryptoprocessor is no longer supported on RHEL 9

The Trusted Platform Module (TPM) secure cryptoprocessor version 1.2 has been removed and is no longer supported on RHEL 9 and later versions. TPM 2.0 replaces TPM 1.2 and provides many improvements over TPM 1.2. TPM 2.0 is not backward compatible.

Note that for applications that require support for TPM 1.2, Red Hat recommends that you use RHEL 8.

Dynamic preemptive scheduling enabled on ARM, AMD, and Intel 64-bit architectures

Using Dynamic Scheduling, you can change the preemption mode of the kernel at boot or runtime instead of compile time. With dynamic preemptive handling, you can override the default preemption model to improve scheduling latency.

The /sys/kernel/debug/sched/preempt file contains the current setting that supports runtime modification. Using the DYNAMIC_PREEMPT option, set the preempt= variable at boot to either none, voluntary or full. The voluntary preemption is the default.

A new command line interface has been added to the tuna tool

The tuna tool now provides a command line interface with more standardized menu of commands and options that is easier to use and maintain. The new command line interface is based on the argparse parsing module. With this enhancement, you can perform the following tasks:

Change the attributes of the application and kernel threads.
Operate on interrupt requests (IRQs) by name or number.
Operate on tasks or threads by using the process identifier.
Specify CPUs and sets of CPUs with the CPU or the socket number.

By using the tuna -h command, you can print the command line arguments and their corresponding options. For each command, there are optional arguments, which you can view with the tuna [command] -h command.

12.3. Notable changes to kernel

The 64k page size kernel

In addition to the RHEL 9 for ARM kernel which supports 4k pages, Red Hat now offers an optional kernel package that supports 64k pages: kernel-64k.

The 64k page size kernel is a useful option for large datasets on ARM platforms. It enables better performance for some types of memory- and CPU-intensive operations.

You must choose page size on 64-bit ARM architecture systems at the time of installation. You can install kernel-64k only by Kickstart by adding the kernel-64k package to the package list in the Kickstart file.

For more information about installing kernel-64k, see Performing an advanced RHEL 9 installation.

cgroup-v2 enabled by default in RHEL 9

The control groups version 2 (cgroup-v2) feature implements a single hierarchy model that simplifies the management of control groups. Also, it ensures that a process can only be a member of a single control group at a time. Deep integration with systemd improves the end-user experience when configuring resource control on a RHEL system.

Development of new features is mostly done for cgroup-v2, which has some features that are missing in cgroup-v1. Similarly, cgroup-v1 contains some legacy features that are missing in cgroup-v2. Also, the control interfaces are different. Therefore, third party software with direct dependency on cgroup-v1 may not run properly in the cgroup-v2 environment.

To use cgroup-v1, you need to add the following parameters to the kernel command-line:

systemd.unified_cgroup_hierarchy=0
systemd.legacy_systemd_cgroup_controller

Note

Both cgroup-v1 and cgroup-v2 are fully enabled in the kernel. There is no default control group version from the kernel point of view, and is decided by systemd to mount at startup.

Kernel changes potentially affecting third party kernel modules

Linux distributions with a kernel version prior to 5.9 supported exporting GPL functions as non-GPL functions. As a result, users could link proprietary functions to GPL kernel functions through the shim mechanism. With this release, the RHEL kernel incorporates upstream changes that enhance the ability of RHEL to enforce GPL by rebuffing shim.

Important

Partners and independent software vendors (ISVs) should test their kernel modules with an early version of RHEL 9 to ensure their compliance with GPL.

Core scheduling is supported in RHEL 9

With the core scheduling functionality users can prevent tasks that should not trust each other from sharing the same CPU core. Likewise, users can define groups of tasks that can share a CPU core.

These groups can be specified:

To improve security by mitigating some cross-Symmetric Multithreading (SMT) attacks
To isolate tasks that need a whole core. For example for tasks in real-time environments, or for tasks that rely on specific processor features such as Single Instruction, Multiple Data (SIMD) processing

For more information, see Core Scheduling.

The kernelopts environment variable has been removed in RHEL 9

In RHEL 8, the kernel command-line parameters for systems using the GRUB2 bootloader were defined in the kernelopts environment variable. This variable was stored in the /boot/grub2/grubenv file for each kernel boot entry. However, storing the kernel command-line parameters using kernelopts was not robust. Therefore, Red Hat removed kernelopts and the kernel command-line parameters are now stored in the Boot Loader Specification (BLS) snippet, instead of in the /boot/loader/entries/<KERNEL_BOOT_ENTRY>.conf file.

Red Hat protects kernel symbols only for minor releases

Red Hat guarantees that a kernel module will continue to load in all future updates within an Extended Update Support (EUS) release, only if you compile the kernel module using protected kernel symbols. There is no kernel Application Binary Interface (ABI) guarantee between minor releases of RHEL 9.

12.4. Notable changes to boot loader

Boot loader menu hidden by default

Starting with RHEL 9.1, the GRUB boot loader is now configured to hide the boot menu by default if RHEL is the only installed operating system and if the previous boot succeeded. This results in a smoother boot experience on such systems.

To access the boot menu, use one of the following options:

Repeatedly press Esc after booting the system.
Repeatedly press F8 after booting the system.
Hold Shift during boot.

To disable this function and configure the boot loader menu to display by default, use the following command:

# grub2-editenv - unset menu_auto_hide

Boot loader configuration files are unified across CPU architectures

Configuration files for the GRUB boot loader are now stored in the /boot/grub2/ directory on all supported CPU architectures. The /boot/efi/EFI/redhat/grub.cfg file, which GRUB previously used as the main configuration file on UEFI systems, now simply loads the /boot/grub2/grub.cfg file.

This change simplifies the layout of the GRUB configuration file, improves user experience, and provides the following notable benefits:

You can boot the same installation with either EFI or legacy BIOS.
You can use the same documentation and commands for all architectures.
GRUB configuration tools are more robust, because they no longer rely on symbolic links and they do not have to handle platform-specific cases.
The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with images generated by CoreOS Assembler (COSA) and OSBuild.
The usage of the GRUB configuration files is aligned with other Linux distributions.

RHEL no longer boots on 32-bit UEFI

Support for the 32-bit UEFI firmware was removed from the GRUB and shim boot loaders. As a consequence, RHEL 9 requires a 64-bit UEFI, and can no longer boot on 64-bit systems that use a 32-bit UEFI.

The following packages have been removed as part of this change:

grub2-efi-ia32
grub2-efi-ia32-cdboot
grub2-efi-ia32-modules
shim-ia32

Chapter 13. Hardware enablement

This chapter lists the most notable changes to hardware enablement between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

13.1. Unmaintained hardware support

The following devices (drivers, adapters) are no longer being tested or updated on a routine basis in RHEL 9. Red Hat may fix serious bugs, including security bugs, at its discretion. These devices should no longer be used in production, and it is likely they will be disabled in the next major release.

PCI device IDs are in the format of vendor:device:subvendor:subdevice. If no device ID is listed, all devices associated with the corresponding driver are unmaintained. To check the PCI IDs of the hardware on your system, run the lspci -nn command.

Device ID	Driver	Device name
	bnx2	QLogic BCM5706/5708/5709/5716 Driver
	e1000	Intel® PRO/1000 Network Driver
	hpsa	Hewlett-Packard Company: Smart Array Controllers
0x10df:0x0724	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: OneConnect FCoE Initiator (Skyhawk)
0x10df:0xe200	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: LPe15000/LPe16000 Series 8Gb/16Gb Fibre Channel Adapter
0x10df:0xf011	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: Saturn: LightPulse Fibre Channel Host Adapter
0x10df:0xf015	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: Saturn: LightPulse Fibre Channel Host Adapter
0x10df:0xf100	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: LPe12000 Series 8Gb Fibre Channel Adapter
0x10df:0xfc40	lpfc	Emulex Corporation: Saturn-X: LightPulse Fibre Channel Host Adapter
0x10df:0xe220	be2net	Emulex Corporation: OneConnect NIC (Lancer)
0x1000:0x0071	megaraid_sas	Broadcom / LSI: MR SAS HBA 2004
0x1000:0x0073	megaraid_sas	Broadcom / LSI: MegaRAID SAS 2008 [Falcon]
0x1000:0x0079	megaraid_sas	Broadcom / LSI: MegaRAID SAS 2108 [Liberator]
0x1000:0x005b	megaraid_sas	Broadcom / LSI: MegaRAID SAS 2208 [Thunderbolt]
0x1000:0x006E	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2308 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0080	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0081	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0082	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0083	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0084	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0085	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2208 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0086	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2308 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
0x1000:0x0087	mpt3sas	Broadcom / LSI: SAS2308 PCI-Express Fusion-MPT SAS-2
	mptbase	Fusion MPT SAS Host driver
	mptsas	Fusion MPT SAS Host driver
	mptscsih	Fusion MPT SCSI Host driver
	mptspi	Fusion MPT SAS Host driver
	myri10ge	Myricom 10G driver (10GbE)
	netxen_nic	QLogic/NetXen (1/10) GbE Intelligent Ethernet Driver
0x1077:0x2031	qla2xxx	QLogic Corp.: ISP8324-based 16Gb Fibre Channel to PCI Express Adapter
0x1077:0x2532	qla2xxx	QLogic Corp.: ISP2532-based 8Gb Fibre Channel to PCI Express HBA
0x1077:0x8031	qla2xxx	QLogic Corp.: 8300 Series 10GbE Converged Network Adapter (FCoE)
	qla3xxx	QLogic ISP3XXX Network Driver v2.03.00-k5
0x1924:0x0803	sfc	Solarflare Communications: SFC9020 10G Ethernet Controller
0x1924:0x0813	sfc	Solarflare Communications: SFL9021 10GBASE-T Ethernet Controller
	nicpf	Cavium ThunderX NIC PF driver
	nicvf	Cavium ThunderX NIC VF driver
	nvmet-fc	NVMe/Fabrics FC target driver
	nvmet_tcp	NVMe/TCP target driver

13.2. Removed hardware support

The following devices (drivers, adapters) have been removed from RHEL 9.

Device ID	Driver	Device name
	Soft-RoCE (rdma_rxe)
	HNS-RoCE	HNS GE/10GE/25GE/50GE/100GE RDMA Network Controller
	liquidio	Cavium LiquidIO Intelligent Server Adapter Driver
	liquidio_vf	Cavium LiquidIO Intelligent Server Adapter Virtual Function Driver
aarch64:Ampere:Potenza		Ampere eMAG
aarch64:APM:Potenza		Applied Micro X-Gene
ppc64le:ibm:4d:*		Power8
ppc64le:ibm:4b:*		Power8E
ppc64le:ibm:4c:*		Power8NVL
s390x:ibm:2964:*		z13
s390x:ibm:2965:*		z13s
v4l/dvb		television and video capture devices

Chapter 14. File systems and storage

This chapter lists the most notable changes to file systems and storage between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

14.1. File systems

The XFS filesystem now supports bigtime and inobtcount features

The XFS filesystem now supports two new on-disk features, each of which is enabled by default by mkfs.xfs in RHEL 9. These two new features are:

Timestamp support beyond the year 2038 (bigtime).
Inode btree counters (inobtcount), to reduce mount time on large filesystems.

As a result of this update, filesystems created with default mkfs.xfs parameters will not be mountable on RHEL 8 systems.

To create a new filesystem that will be compatible with the RHEL 8 kernel, disable these new features by adding -m bigtime=0,inobtcount=0 to the mkfs.xfs command line. A filesystem created in this way will not support timestamps beyond the year 2038.

A filesystem created in RHEL 8 which does not support these features may be upgraded using the xfs_admin utility on the unmounted block device containing the filesystem. It is recommended to check the filesystem for consistency prior to this operation. The command will also cause an xfs_repair to be run on the device after the change.

To enable bigtime support:

xfs_admin -O bigtime=1 /dev/device

To enable inode btree counters:

xfs_admin -O inobtcount=1 /dev/device

To enable both at the same time:

xfs_admin -O bigtime=1,inobtcount=1 /dev/device

See the xfs_admin(8) man page for details.

The exFAT filesystem is now supported in RHEL 9

The exFAT filesystem is now supported in RHEL 9. This is a filesystem designed for external USB storage and interoperability and data exchange with other operating systems. The filesystem is not intended as a general-purpose, performant, or scalable Linux filesystem. An exFAT filesystem may be created by installing the exfatprogs package and using the mkfs.exfat utility.

See the mkfs.exfat(8) man page for details.

ext4 filesystem now supports timestamps beyond the year 2038

The ext4 filesystem is now supporting timestamps beyond the year 2038. This feature is fully automatic and does not require any user action to leverage it. The only requirement is that the inode size is larger than 128 bytes, which it is by default.

New nfsv4-client-utils package

New package nfsv4-client-utils, which contains a minimal set of the demons and tool required to support only NFSv4 has been added. This is a replacement for the standard nfs-utils package.

GFS2 file systems are now created with format version 1802

GFS2 file systems in RHEL 9 are created with format version 1802. This enables the following features:

Extended attributes in the trusted namespace ("trusted.* xattrs") are recognized by gfs2 and gfs2-utils.
The rgrplvb option is active by default. This allows gfs2 to attach updated resource group data to DLM lock requests, so the node acquiring the lock does not need to update the resource group information from disk. This improves performance in some cases.

File systems created with the new format version will not be able to be mounted under earlier RHEL versions and older versions of the fsck.gfs2 utility will not be able to check them.

Users can create a file system with the older format version by running the mkfs.gfs2 command with the option -o format=1801.

Users can upgrade the format version of an older file system running tunegfs2 -r 1802 device on an unmounted file system. Downgrading the format version is not supported.

Options in Samba utilities have been renamed and removed for a consistent user experience

The Samba utilities have been improved to provide a consistent command-line interface. These improvements include renamed and removed options. Therefore, to avoid problems after the update, review your scripts that use Samba utilities, and update them, if necessary.

Samba 4.15 introduces the following changes to the Samba utilities:

Previously, Samba command-line utilities silently ignored unknown options. To prevent unexpected behavior, the utilities now consistently reject unknown options.
Several command-line options now have a corresponding smb.conf variable to control their default value. See the man pages of the utilities to identify if a command-line option has an smb.conf variable name.
By default, Samba utilities now log to standard error (stderr). Use the --debug-stdout option to change this behavior.
The --client-protection=off|sign|encrypt option has been added to the common parser.
The following options have been renamed in all utilities:
- --kerberos to --use-kerberos=required|desired|off
- --krb5-ccache to --use-krb5-ccache=CCACHE
- --scope to --netbios-scope=SCOPE
- --use-ccache to --use-winbind-ccache
The following options have been removed from all utilities:
- -e and --encrypt
- -C removed from --use-winbind-ccache
- -i removed from --netbios-scope
- -S and --signing
To avoid duplicate options, certain options have been removed or renamed from the following utilities:
- ndrdump: -l is no longer available for --load-dso
- net: -l is no longer available for --long
- sharesec: -V is no longer available for --viewsddl
- smbcquotas: --user has been renamed to --quota-user
- nmbd: --log-stdout has been renamed to --debug-stdout
- smbd: --log-stdout has been renamed to --debug-stdout
- winbindd: --log-stdout has been renamed to --debug-stdout

cramfs module has been removed

Due to lack of users, the cramfs kernel module is removed. squashfs is recommended as an alternative solution.

Mandatory file locking support has been removed from RHEL 9

Mandatory file locking is no longer supported in RHEL 9 and later versions. The mand mount option is ignored by this kernel and its use generates a warning in the system log.

NFSv2 is no longer supported

RHEL 9 NFS client and server no longer support NFSv2.

14.2. Storage

VDO Management software has been removed

The python-based VDO Management software is no longer available in RHEL 9. Instead of this software, use the LVM-VDO implementation for managing VDO volumes.

Multiple write policies from VDO has been removed

VDO no longer has multiple write policies. VDO now uses the async write policy exclusively. The 'sync' and 'async-unsafe' write policies have been removed.

Chapter 15. High availability and clusters

This chapter lists the most notable changes to high availability and clusters between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

15.1. Notable changes to high availability and clusters

pcs commands that support the clufter tool have been removed

The pcs commands that support the clufter tool for analyzing cluster configuration formats have been removed. The following commands have been removed:

pcs config import-cman for importing CMAN / RHEL6 HA cluster configuration
pcs config export for exporting cluster configuration to a list of pcs commands which recreate the same cluster

pcs suppport for OCF Resource Agent API 1.1 standard

The pcs command-line interface now supports OCF 1.1 resource and STONITH agents. As part of the implementation of this support, any agent’s metadata must comply with the OCF schema, whether the agent is an OCF 1.0 or OCF 1.1 agent. If an agent’s metadata does not comply with the OCF schema, pcs considers the agent invalid and will not create or update a resource of the agent unless the --force option is specified. The pcsd Web UI and pcs commands for listing agents now omit agents with invalid metadata from the listing.

Chapter 16. Dynamic programming languages, web servers, database servers

This chapter lists the most notable changes to dynamic programming languages, web servers, and database servers between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

16.1. Notable changes to dynamic programming languages, web and database servers

Initial Application Streams versions in RHEL 9

RHEL 9 improves the Application Streams experience by providing initial Application Stream versions that can be installed as RPM packages using the traditional dnf install command.

RHEL 9.0 provides the following dynamic programming languages:

Node.js 16
Perl 5.32
PHP 8.0
Python 3.9
Ruby 3.0

RHEL 9.0 includes the following version control systems:

Git 2.31
Subversion 1.14

The following web servers are distributed with RHEL 9.0:

Apache HTTP Server 2.4
nginx 1.20

The following proxy caching servers are available:

Varnish Cache 6.6
Squid 5.2

RHEL 9.0 offers the following database servers:

MariaDB 10.5
MySQL 8.0
PostgreSQL 13
Redis 6.2

Some additional Application Stream versions will be distributed as modules with a shorter life cycle in future minor RHEL 9 releases.

Major differences in the Python ecosystem since RHEL 8

The unversioned python command

The unversioned form of the python command (/usr/bin/python) is available in the python-unversioned-command package. On some systems, this package is not installed by default. To install the unversioned form of the python command manually, use the dnf install /usr/bin/python command.

In RHEL 9, the unversioned form of the python command points to the default Python 3.9 version and it is an equivalent to the python3 and python3.9 commands. In RHEL 9, you cannot configure the unversioned command to point to a different version than Python 3.9.

The python command is intended for interactive sessions. In production, it is recommended to use python3, python3.9, or python3.11 explicitly.

You can uninstall the unversioned python command by using the dnf remove /usr/bin/python command.

If you need a different python or python3 command, you can create custom symlinks in /usr/local/bin or ~/.local/bin, or use a Python virtual environment.

Several other unversioned commands are available, such as /usr/bin/pip in the python3-pip package. In RHEL 9, all unversioned commands point to the default Python 3.9 version.

Architecture-specific Python wheels

Architecture-specific Python wheels built on RHEL 9 newly adhere to the upstream architecture naming, which allows customers to build their Python wheels on RHEL 9 and install them on non-RHEL systems. Python wheels built on previous releases of RHEL are forward compatible and can be installed on RHEL 9. Note that this affects only wheels containing Python extensions, which are built for each architecture, not Python wheels with pure Python code, which is not architecture-specific.

Notable changes to libdb

RHEL 8 and RHEL 9 currently provide Berkeley DB (libdb) version 5.3.28, which is distributed under the LGPLv2 license. The upstream Berkeley DB version 6 is available under the AGPLv3 license, which is more restrictive.

The libdb package is deprecated as of RHEL 9 and might not be available in future major RHEL releases. Cryptographic algorithms have been removed from libdb in RHEL 9. Multiple libdb dependencies have been removed from RHEL 9.

Users of libdb are advised to migrate to a different key-value database. For more information, see the Knowledgebase article Available replacements for the deprecated Berkeley DB (libdb) in RHEL.

Tomcat available since RHEL 9.2

RHEL 9.2 introduces the Apache Tomcat server version 9. Tomcat is the servlet container that is used in the official Reference Implementation for the Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages technologies. The Java Servlet and JavaServer Pages specifications are developed by Sun under the Java Community Process. Tomcat is developed in an open and participatory environment and released under the Apache Software License version 2.0.

Chapter 17. Compilers and development tools

This chapter lists the most notable changes to compilers and development tools between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

17.1. Notable changes to glibc

All threading APIs now merged into libc.so.6

In RHEL 8, the system threading library, libpthread.so, was a distinct library. In RHEL 9, all threading APIs have been merged into the core C library libc.so.6. Moving threading into the core C library enables the library to support threads by default. With a single file the in-place upgrade process is also made smoother since the thread APIs and core C, POSIX and BSD APIs are all updated at the same time (no distinct libraries).

Developers can continue to use the -lpthread option when linking threaded applications, but it is no longer necessary.

Historically, libraries used a weak reference to pthread_create or pthread_cancel to detect if processes could possibly be multi-threaded. Since this check now always succeeds, because libpthread.so is now in the core C library, libraries should use the __libc_single_threaded symbol for this instead.

The libdl library now merged into libc.so.6

In RHEL 8, the libdl library was a distinct library. In RHEL 9, the libdl library has been merged into the core C library libc.so.6. This means that interposing the dlsym function is now much more difficult. Applications that need to control the way how symbol resolution works should switch to the auditor (LD_AUDIT) interfaces.

Name Service Switch service plugins for dns and files now merged into libc.so.6

In RHEL 8, the Name Service Switch (NSS) services for files and dns, which provides data to user and group identity management APIs, was a distinct plugin. In RHEL 9, the plugins have been merged into the core C library libc.so.6. Moving the files and dns service providers ensures that applications that need to cross a mount namespace boundary (for example, enter a container) can do so knowing that NSS files and dns access services are always loaded at process startup.

When calling user and group APIs, where those APIs depend on an nsswitch.conf that references files or dns, developers can expect those services to always be present and provide the underlying service data.

Chapter 18. Identity Management

This chapter lists the most notable changes to Identity Management (IdM) between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

18.1. New features

Identity Management installation packages have been demodularized

Previously in RHEL 8, IdM packages were distributed as modules, which required you to enable a stream and install the profile that corresponds to your desired installation. IdM installation packages have been demodularized in RHEL 9, so you can use the following dnf commands to install IdM server packages:

For a server without integrated DNS services:
```
# dnf install ipa-server
```
For a server with integrated DNS services:
```
# dnf install ipa-server ipa-server-dns
```

The SSSD implicit files provider domain is disabled by default

The SSSD implicit files provider domain, which retrieves user information from local files such as /etc/shadow and group information from /etc/groups, is now disabled by default.

To retrieve user and group information from local files with SSSD:

Configure SSSD. Choose one of the following options:
1. Explicitly configure a local domain with the id_provider=files option in the sssd.conf configuration file.
```
[domain/local]
id_provider=files
...
```
2. Enable the files provider by setting the enable_files_domain=true option in the sssd.conf configuration file.
```
[sssd]
enable_files_domain = true
```

Configure the name services switch.

# authselect enable-feature with-files-provider

New realm configuration template for KDC enabling FIPS 140-3-compliant key encryption

This update provides a new, EXAMPLE.COM, example realm configuration in the /var/kerberos/krb5kdc/kdc.conf file. It brings two changes:

The FIPS 140-3-compliant AES HMAC SHA-2 family is added to the list of supported types for key encryption.
The encryption type of the KDC master key is switched from AES 256 HMAC SHA-1 to AES 256 HMAC SHA-384.

Warning

This update is about standalone MIT realms. Do not change the Kerberos Distribution Center (KDC) configuration in RHEL Identity Management.

Using the new configuration template is recommended for new realms. The template does not affect any realm already deployed. If you are planning to upgrade the configuration of your realm according to the template, consider the following points:

For upgrading the master key, changing the setting in the KDC configuration is not enough. Follow the process described in the MIT Kerberos documentation.

Adding the AES HMAC SHA-2 family to the supported types for key encryption is safe at any point because it does not affect existing entries in the KDC. Keys will be generated only when creating new principals or when renewing credentials. Note that keys of this new type cannot be generated based on existing keys. To make these new encryption types available for a certain principal, its credentials have to be renewed, which means renewing keytabs for service principals too.

The only case where principals should not feature an AES HMAC SHA-2 key is the Active Directory (AD) cross-realm ticket-granting ticket (TGT) ones. Because AD does not implement RFC8009, it does not use the AES HMAC SHA-2 encryption types family. Therefore, a cross-realm TGS-REQ using an AES HMAC SHA-2-encrypted cross-realm TGT would fail. The best way to keep the MIT Kerberos client from using AES HMAC SHA-2 against AD is to not provide AES HMAC SHA-2 keys for the AD cross-realm principals. To do so, ensure that you create the cross-realm TGT entries with an explicit list of key encryption types that are all supported by AD:

  kadmin.local <<EOF
  add_principal +requires_preauth -e aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96,aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 -pw [password] krbtgt/[MIT realm]@[AD realm]
  add_principal +requires_preauth -e aes256-cts-hmac-sha1-96,aes128-cts-hmac-sha1-96 -pw [password] krbtgt/[AD realm]@[MIT realm]
  EOF

To ensure the MIT Kerboros clients use the AES HMAC SHA-2 encryption types, you must also set these encryption types as permitted in both the client and the KDC configuration. On RHEL, this setting is managed by the crypto-policy system. For example, on RHEL 9, hosts using the DEFAULT crypto-policy allow AES HMAC SHA-2 and AES HMAC SHA-1 encrypted tickets, while hosts using the FIPS crypto-policy only accept AES HMAC SHA-2 ones.

18.2. Known issues

Users without SIDs cannot log in to IdM after an upgrade

After upgrading your Identity Management (IdM) replica to RHEL 9.2, the IdM Kerberos Distribution Centre (KDC) might fail to issue ticket-granting tickets (TGTs) to users who do not have Security Identifiers (SIDs) assigned to their accounts. Consequently, the users cannot log in to their accounts.

To work around the problem, generate SIDs by running the following command as an IdM administrator on another IdM replica in the topology:

# ipa config-mod --enable-sid --add-sids

Afterward, if users still cannot log in, examine the Directory Server error log. You might have to adjust ID ranges to include user POSIX identities.

Adding a RHEL 9 replica in FIPS mode to an IdM deployment in FIPS mode that was initialized with RHEL 8.6 or earlier fails

The default RHEL 9 FIPS cryptographic policy aiming to comply with FIPS 140-3 does not allow the use of the AES HMAC-SHA1 encryption types' key derivation function as defined by RFC3961, section 5.1.

This constraint does not allow you to add a RHEL 9 IdM replica in FIPS mode to a RHEL 8 IdM environment in FIPS mode in which the first server was installed on a RHEL 8.6 or earlier systems. This is because there are no common encryption types between RHEL 9 and the previous RHEL versions, which commonly use the AES HMAC-SHA1 encryption types but do not use the AES HMAC-SHA2 encryption types.

To work around the problem, enable the use of AES HMAC-SHA1 on the RHEL 9 replica:

# update-crypto-policies --set FIPS:AD-SUPPORT

By setting the cryptographic policy to FIPS:AD-SUPPORT, you are adding the following encryption types to the list of already allowed encryption types that comply with FIPS 140-3:

aes256-cts:normal
aes256-cts:special
aes128-cts:normal
aes128-cts:special

As a result, adding the RHEL 9 replica to the IdM deployment proceeds correctly.

Note

There is ongoing work to provide a procedure to generate missing AES HMAC-SHA2-encrypted Kerberos keys on RHEL 7 and RHEL 8 servers. This will achieve FIPS 140-3 compliance on the RHEL 9 replica. However, this process cannot be fully automated, because the design of Kerberos key cryptography makes it impossible to convert existing keys to different encryption types. The only way is to ask users to renew their passwords.

Note

You can view the encryption type of your IdM master key by entering the following command on the first IdM server in the RHEL 8 deployment:

# kadmin.local getprinc K/M | grep -E '^Key:'

If the string in the output contains the sha1 term, you must enable the use of AES HMAC-SHA1 on the RHEL 9 replica.

Warning

Microsoft’s Active Directory implementation does not yet support any of the RFC8009 Kerberos encryption types that use SHA-2 HMAC. If you have an IdM-AD trust configured, FIPS:AD-SUPPORT crypto subpolicy use is therefore required even if the encryption type of your IdM master key is aes256-cts-hmac-sha384-192.

18.3. Relocated packages

ansible-freeipa is now available in the AppStream repository with all dependencies

Previously in RHEL 8, before installing the ansible-freeipa package, you first had to enable the Ansible repository and install the ansible package. In RHEL 9, you can install ansible-freeipa without any preliminary steps. Installing ansible-freeipa automatically installs ansible-core as a dependency. Both packages are available in the rhel-9-for-x86_64-appstream-rpms repository.

ansible-freeipa in RHEL 9 contains all the modules that it contained in RHEL 8.

Clustered Samba packages are now available from the Resilient Storage and Gluster Samba Repository

The ctdb clustered Samba packages are now available from the Resilient Storage and Gluster Samba Repository. Previously in RHEL 8, clustered Samba packages were available from the BaseOS repository.

18.4. Removed functionality

The nss-pam-ldapd package has been removed

The nss-pam-ldapd package has been removed from RHEL. Red Hat recommends migrating to SSSD and its ldap provider, which fully replaces the functionality of the nslcd service. SSSD has features that specifically address the needs of nss-pam-ldapd users, such as:

hosts databases
networks databases
services databases

NIS packages have been removed

The following Network Information Service (NIS) components have been removed from RHEL:

nss_nis
yp-tools
ypbind
ypserv

There is no direct replacement with fully compatible features because the NIS technology is based on outdated design patterns and is no longer considered secure.

Red Hat recommends using RHEL Identity Management and SSSD instead.

The openssh-ldap package has been removed

As the openssh-ldap subpackage is not maintained upstream, it has been removed from RHEL. Red Hat recommends using SSSD and the sss_ssh_authorizedkeys helper, which integrate better with other IdM solutions and are more secure.

By default, the SSSD ldap and ipa providers read the sshPublicKey LDAP attribute of the user object, if available. Note that you cannot use the default SSSD configuration for the ad provider or IdM trusted domains to retrieve SSH public keys from Active Directory (AD), since AD does not have a default LDAP attribute to store a public key.

To allow the sss_ssh_authorizedkeys helper to get the key from SSSD, enable the ssh responder by adding ssh to the services option in the sssd.conf file. See the sssd.conf(5) man page for details.

To allow sshd to use sss_ssh_authorizedkeys, add the following options to the /etc/ssh/sshd_config file as described by the sss_ssh_authorizedkeys(1) man page:

AuthorizedKeysCommand /usr/bin/sss_ssh_authorizedkeys
AuthorizedKeysCommandUser nobody

The custodia package has been removed

The custodia package has been integrated into Red Hat Identity Management in RHEL 9 and is no longer shipped as a separate service.

The gssntlmssp package has been removed

As Windows New Technology LAN Manager (NTLM) is considered insecure, the gssntlmssp package has been removed.

Chapter 19. The web console

This chapter lists the most notable changes to the web console between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

19.1. Changes to the RHEL web console

Remote root login disabled on new installations of RHEL 9.2 and later

Due to security reasons, on new installations of RHEL 9.2 and newer, it is not possible to connect to the web console from a remote machine as a root user.

To enable the remote root login:

As a root user, open the /etc/cockpit/disallowed-users file in a text editor.
Remove the root user line from the file.
Save your changes.

Chapter 20. Virtualization

This chapter lists the most notable changes to virtualization between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

20.1. Notable changes to KVM

KVM virtualization is no longer supported on IBM POWER

Red Hat Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 and later is not supported on IBM POWER hardware.

VM machine types based on RHEL 7.5 and earlier are unsupported

In RHEL 9, virtual machines (VMs) no longer support machine types based on RHEL 7.5 and earlier. These also include pc-i440fx-rhel7.5.0 and earlier machine types, which were default in earlier major versions of RHEL. As a consequence, attempting to start a VM with such machine types on a RHEL 9 host fails with an unsupported configuration error. If you encounter this problem after upgrading your host to RHEL 9, see the Red Hat KnowledgeBase.

RHEL 9 still supports the pc-i440fx-rhel7.6.0 machine type. However, RHEL will remove support for all i440x machine types in a future major update.

20.2. Notable changes to libvirt

Modular libvirt daemons

In RHEL 9, the libvirt library uses modular daemons that handle individual virtualization driver sets on your host. For example, the virtqemud daemon handles QEMU drivers. This makes it possible to fine-grain a variety of tasks that involve virtualization drivers, such as resource load optimization and monitoring.

In addition, the monolithic libvirt daemon, libvirtd, has become deprecated. However, if you upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9, your host will still use libvirtd, which you can continue using in RHEL 9.

Nevertheless, Red Hat recommends enabling modular libvirt daemons instead. For instructions, see the Configuring and managing virtualization document.

Note, however, that if you switch to using modular libvirt daemons, pre-configured tasks that use libvirtd will stop working.

virsh iface-* commands are now unsupported

The virsh iface-* commands, such as virsh iface-start and virsh iface-destroy, are no longer supported in RHEL 9. Due to the removal of the netcf package, the majority of them do not work. To create and modify network interfaces, use NetworkManager utilities, such as nmcli.

20.3. Notable changes to QEMU

QEMU no longer includes the SGA option ROM

In RHEL 9, the Serial Graphics Adapter (SGA) option ROM has been replaced by an equivalent functionality in SeaBIOS. However, if your virtual machine (VM) configuration uses the following XML fragament, this change will not affect your VM functionality.

  <bios useserial='yes'/>

TPM passthrough has been removed

It is no longer possible to assign a physical Trusted Platform Module (TPM) device using the passthrough back end to a VM on RHEL 9. Note that this was an unsupported feature in RHEL 8. Instead, use the vTPM functionality, which uses the emulator back end, and is fully supported.

Other unsupported devices

QEMU no longer supports the following virtual devices:

The Cirrus graphics device. The default graphics devices are now set to stdvga on BIOS-based machines and bochs-display on UEFI-based machines.
The ac97 audio device. In RHEL 9, libvirt uses the ich9 device instead.

20.4. Notable changes to SPICE

SPICE has become unsupported

In RHEL 9, the SPICE remote display protocol is no longer supported. On a RHEL 9 host, VMs configured to use SPICE fail to start and instead display an unsupported configuration error.

Instead of SPICE, Red Hat recommends using alternate solutions for remote display streaming:

For remote console access, use the VNC protocol. However, note that certain features available on SPICE are currently unsupported or do not work well on VNC. This includes:
- Smart card sharing from the host to the VM (It is now supported only by third party remote visualization solutions.)
- Audio playback from the VM to the host
- Automated VM screen resizing
- USB redirection from the host to the VM
- Drag & drop file transfer from the host to the VM
- In addition, VNC cannot be used by the GNOME Boxes application. As a consequence, Boxes is currently not available in RHEL 9.
For advanced remote display functions, use third party tools such as RDP, HP ZCentral Remote Boost, or Mechdyne TGX.

For graphical VMs hosted on RHEL 9, Red Hat recommends using the virtio-vga and virtio-gpu virtual graphics cards.

Chapter 21. Containers

This chapter lists the most notable changes to containers between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

21.1. Notable changes to containers

The container-tools meta-package is now available

The container-tools RPM meta-package, which includes Podman, Buildah, Skopeo, CRIU, Udica, and all required libraries, is available in RHEL 9. The stable streams are not available on RHEL 9. To receive stable access to Podman, Buildah, Skopeo, and others, use the RHEL EUS subscription.

To install the container-tools meta-package:

Install the container-tools meta-package:
```
$ sudo dnf install container-tools
```

Improved control group performance

The previous version of control groups, cgroup version 1 (cgroup v1), caused performance problems with a variety of applications. The latest release of control groups, cgroup version 2 (cgroup v2) enables system administrators to limit resources for any application without causing performance problems.

In RHEL 9, the new version of control groups, cgroups v2, is enabled by default.

Podman now supports secure short names

Short-name aliases for images can now be configured in the registries.conf file in the [aliases] table. The short-names modes are:

Enforcing: If no matching alias is found during the image pull, Podman prompts the user to choose one of the unqualified-search registries. If the selected image is pulled successfully, Podman automatically records a new short-name alias in the $HOME/.cache/containers/short-name-aliases.conf file (rootless user) and in the /var/cache/containers/short-name-aliases.conf (root user). If the user cannot be prompted (for example, stdin or stdout are not a TTY), Podman fails. Note that the short-name-aliases.conf file has precedence over registries.conf file if both specify the same alias. The enforcing mode is default in RHEL 9.
Permissive: Similar to enforcing mode, but Podman does not fail if the user cannot be prompted. Instead, Podman searches in all unqualified-search registries in the given order. Note that no alias is recorded. The permissive mode is default in RHEL 8.

Example:

unqualified-search-registries=["registry.fedoraproject.org", "quay.io"]
[aliases]
"fedora"="registry.fedoraproject.org/fedora"

Default container registries in registries.conf

You can find the list of container registries in the /etc/containers/registries.conf file as a root user and in $HOME/.config/containers/registries.conf as a non-root user. By changing the registries.conf file, you can change the default system-wide search settings.

For RHEL 8, the unqualified-search-registries is:

unqualified-search-registries = ["registry.access.redhat.com", "registry.redhat.io", "docker.io"]
short-name-mode = "permissive"

For RHEL 9, the unqualified-search-registries is:

unqualified-search-registries = ["registry.access.redhat.com", "registry.redhat.io", "docker.io"]
short-name-mode = "enforcing"

Default OCI runtime change

The crun OCI runtime is now available for the container-tools:rhel8 module. The crun container runtime supports an annotation that enables the container to access the rootless user’s additional groups. This is useful for container operations when volume mounting in a directory where setgid is set, or when the user only has group access.

The default container runtime in RHEL 8 is runc.
The default container runtime in RHEL 9 is crun.

Running RHEL 9 containers on a RHEL 7 host is not supported

Running RHEL 9 containers on a RHEL 7 host is not supported.

For more information, see Red Hat Enterprise Linux Container Compatibility Matrix.

Default network stacks

Podman uses CNI as the default network stack in RHEL 8 and Netavark as the default network stack in fresh installs of RHEL 9.

If you perform an in-place upgrade from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9, Podman’s network stack is set as:

Netavark if the network_backend parameter in the /etc/containers/containers.conf file is not set or if you manually upgraded Podman’s network stack in RHEL 8 to Netavark.
CNI if there are containers, images, pods, or networks presented when Podman is first run after an upgrade. You can then manually upgrade to the new Netavark network stack. For instructions on how to switch between the CNI and Netavark network stacks, see 8.6 Switching network stack from CNI to Netavark and 8.7 Switching the network stack from Netavark to CNI.

Red Hat recommends explicitly specifying the network_backend parameter to ensure that the correct backend is selected.

Warning

You cannot migrate the existing containers to a different network stack system using the podman container checkpoint and the podman container restore commands. If you want to switch from the CNI network stack to the Netavark network stack, recreate the container from the container image.

Chapter 22. Desktop

This chapter lists the most notable changes to desktop between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

22.1. Notable changes to desktop

GNOME updated to version 40

The GNOME environment is now updated from GNOME 3.28 to GNOME 40 with many new features.

GNOME 40 includes a new and improved Activities Overview design. This gives the overview a more coherent look, and provides an improved experience for navigating the system and launching applications. Workspaces are now arranged horizontally, and the window overview and application grid are accessed vertically.

Other improvements to GNOME include:

The performance and resource usage of GNOME has been significantly improved.
The visual style, including the user interface, the login screen, the icons, and the desktop, has been refreshed.
GNOME applications no longer use the application menu, which was available from the top panel. The functionality is now located in a primary menu within the application window.
The Settings application has been redesigned.
Screen sharing and remote desktop sessions have been improved.
If you use the proprietary NVIDIA drivers, you can now launch applications using the discrete GPU:
1. Open the overview.
2. Right-click the application icon in the dash.
3. Select the Launch on Discrete GPU item in the menu.
The Power Off / Log Out menu now includes the Suspend option and a new Restart option, which can reboot the system to the boot loader menu when you hold Alt.
Flatpak applications now update automatically.
You can now group application icons in the overview together into folders using drag and drop.
The Terminal application now supports right-to-left and bi-directional text.
The Pointer Location accessibility feature now works in the Wayland session. When the feature is enabled, pressing Ctrl highlights the pointer location on the screen.
GNOME Shell extensions are now managed by the Extensions application, rather than Software. The Extensions application handles updating extensions, configuring extension preferences, and removing or disabling extensions.
The notifications popover now includes a Do Not Disturb button. When the button enabled, notifications do not appear on the screen.
System dialogs that require a password now have an option to reveal the password text by clicking the eye (👁) icon.
The Software application now automatically detects metered networks, such as mobile data networks. When the current network is metered, Software pauses updates in order to reduce data usage.
Each connected display can now use a different refresh rate in the Wayland session.
Fractional display scaling is available as an experimental option. It includes several preconfigured fractional ratios.
To enable the experimental fractional scaling, add the scale-monitor-framebuffer value to the list of enabled experimental features:
```
$ gsettings set \
            org.gnome.mutter experimental-features \
            "['scale-monitor-framebuffer']"
```
As a result, fractional scaling options are accessible on the Display panel in Settings.
Note
If the command fails with the following error:
```
error: Failed to execute child process “dbus-launch” (No such file or directory)
```
Install the dbus-launch package and repeat the command.

For more details on the changes in GNOME, see versions 3.30 to 40.0 in Release Notes.

X.org Server is now deprecated

The X.org display server is deprecated, and will be removed in a future major RHEL release. The default desktop session is now the Wayland session in most cases.

The X11 protocol remains fully supported using the XWayland back end. As a result, applications that require X11 can run in the Wayland session.

Red Hat is working on resolving the remaining problems and gaps in the Wayland session.

You can switch your user session back to the X.org back end. For more information, see Selecting GNOME environment and display protocol.

The Wayland session is now the default with NVIDIA drivers

When using the NVIDIA drivers, the desktop session now selects the Wayland display protocol by default, if the driver configuration supports Wayland. In previous RHEL releases, the NVIDIA drivers always disabled Wayland.

To enable Wayland with the NVIDIA drivers on your system, add the following options to the kernel command line:

nvidia-drm.modeset=1
NVreg_PreserveVideoMemoryAllocations=1

Note that Wayland has been the default display protocol with other graphics drivers since RHEL 8.0.

Under certain conditions, the NVIDIA drivers disable the Wayland display protocol and revert to the X.org display server:

If the version of the NVIDIA driver is lower than 470.
If the system is a laptop that uses hybrid graphics.
If you have not enabled the required NVIDIA driver options.
If the NVIDIA driver has not installed the required systemd services.

Additionally, Wayland is enabled but the desktop session uses X.org by default if the version of the NVIDIA driver is lower than 510.

Currently, the Wayland session with the NVIDIA drivers is still incomplete and presents certain known issues. Red Hat is actively working with NVIDIA to address these gaps and problems across the GPU stack.

X.Org X11 video drivers have been replaced by modesetting

The following X.Org X11 video drivers have been removed and replaced by the generic modesetting driver:

xorg-x11-drv-ati
xorg-x11-drv-intel
xorg-x11-drv-nouveau
xorg-x11-drv-qxl
xorg-x11-drv-vesa

GPUs supported by RHEL now automatically use the modesetting driver.

If you apply a custom X.Org configuration for any of the removed drivers in RHEL 8 or earlier, your configuration will have no effect in RHEL 9. Before upgrading to RHEL 9, check your X.Org configuration files and directories, such as /etc/X11/xorg.conf.d/.

This change does not affect the proprietary NVIDIA driver, which is not maintained by Red Hat.

PipeWire is now the default audio service

The PipeWire service now manages all audio output and input. PipeWire replaces the PulseAudio service in general use cases and the JACK service in professional use cases. The system now redirects audio from applications that use PulseAudio, JACK, or the ALSA framework into PipeWire.

Benefits of PipeWire over the previous solutions include:

A unified solution for consumer and professional users
A flexible, modular architecture
High performance and low latency, similar to the JACK service
Isolation between audio clients for better security

You no longer have to configure the JACK service for applications that use it. All JACK applications now work in the default RHEL configuration.

PulseAudio is still available in RHEL, and you can enable it instead of PipeWire. For details, see Switching from PipeWire to PulseAudio.

GNOME Boxes have been removed

The GNOME Boxes application has been removed from RHEL 9. Boxes used the SPICE system to connect to virtual machines (VMs). In RHEL 9, SPICE is no longer available, and as a consequence, Boxes have also been removed.

If you require Boxes, Red Hat suggests to install Boxes from the Flathub repository: Boxes on Flathub. This version of Boxes continues to use SPICE, and as a result, it supports the missing features listed previously.

Warning

Flathub is a community repository. Red Hat provides no support or guarantees for Boxes installed from Flathub.

For more information about SPICE in RHEL 9, see the SPICE section.

Power profiles are available in GNOME

You can now switch between several power profiles in the Power panel of Settings in the GNOME environment. The power profiles optimize various system settings for the selected goal.

The following power profiles are available:

Performance: Optimizes for high system performance and reduces battery life. This profile is only available on certain selected system configurations.
Balanced: Provides standard system performance and power consumption. This is the default profile.
Power Saver: Increases battery life and reduces system performance. This profile activates automatically on low battery.

Your power profile configuration persists across system reboots.

The power profiles functionality is available from the power-profiles-daemon package, which is installed by default.

Lightweight, single-application environment

For graphical use cases that only present a single application, a lightweight user interface (UI) is now available.

You can start GNOME in a single-application session, also known as kiosk mode. In this session, GNOME displays only a full-screen window of an application that you have configured.

The single-application session is significantly less resource intensive than the standard GNOME session.

For more information, see Restricting the session to a single application.

Language support is now provided by langpacks

Support for various languages is now available from langpacks packages. You can customize the level of language support that you want to install using the following package names, where code is the short ISO code for the language, such as es for Spanish:

langpacks-core-code

Provides a basic language support, including:

The glibc locale
The default font
The default input method if the language requires it

langpacks-core-font-code

Provides only the default font for the language.

langpacks-code

Provides the complete language support, including the following in addition to the basic language support:

Translations
Spell checker dictionaries
Additional fonts

Motif has been deprecated

The Motif widget toolkit has been deprecated in RHEL, because development in the upstream Motif community is inactive.

The following Motif packages have been deprecated, including their development and debugging variants:

motif
openmotif
openmotif21
openmotif22

Additionally, the motif-static package has been removed.

Red Hat recommends using the GTK toolkit as a replacement. GTK is more maintainable and provides new features compared to Motif.

No Sign In button on the login screen

The login screen has been redesigned in this release. As a consequence, the login screen no longer includes a Sign In button, which was present in previous RHEL releases.

To confirm your password, press Enter instead.

Note also that the login options button (⚙) is now located in the lower-right corner of the screen.

Chapter 23. Edge

This chapter lists the most notable changes to RHEL Edge between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

23.1. RHEL for Edge

This version introduces the following enhancements over its previous versions.

RHEL for Edge Simplified images have support to the Ignition provisioning utility

You can customize your blueprints configuration with the Ignition provisioning utility to create your RHEL for Edge images. The Ignition injects the user configuration into the images at an early stage of the boot process. During the first boot into the system, the Ignition utility reads its configuration either from a remote URL or a file embedded in the Simplified Installer image and applies that configuration into the image.

The FDO customization in blueprints is now optional

You are no longer required to add the FDO customization section in blueprints to build a Simplified Installer image.

Support to specify the user configuration directly in blueprints for the following images:

Simplified Installer images
FDO images
Ignition images.
You can create RHEL for Edge Simplified Installer images with the GUI image builder

Previously, the Simplified Installer images could be created only by using the command-line interface.

Support for automatic provisioning and onboarding RHEL for Edge images using FDO

You have support for automatic provisioning and onboarding RHEL for Edge images using the FDO (FIDO device onboarding) process. With this, you can build a RHEL for Edge Simplified Installer image, provision it to a RHEL for Edge image. Then, you can use the FDO process to automatically provision and onboard your Edge devices, exchange data with other devices and systems connected on the networks.

Support to rpm-ostree upgrades from RHEL 8 to RHEL 9

You can upgrade RHEL 8 systems to RHEL 9 using rpm-ostree rebase.

Support to auto-rollbacks

The health checks run during the boot process and can determine if the nodes are functioning properly. If the health checks fail, a counter tracks the number of attempts and the node uses rpm-ostree to rollback the update. Podman automatically rollbacks the container if a new application version exits when the update fails.

Support to build a RHEL for Edge Simplified Installer image

You can use image builder to build a RHEL for Edge Simplified Installer image. It enables an unattended installation to a device, and provisioning the image to a RHEL for Edge image.

Support to build a RHEL for Edge Raw image

You can also build RHEL for RHEL for Edge Raw image. These are compressed raw images, which consist of a file that contains a partition layout with an existing deployed OSTree commit in it. The RHEL for Edge Raw Images can be used to flash on a hard disk drive or boot on a virtual machine.

The RHEL 9 for Edge minimal installation is much smaller

The RHEL 9 for Edge minimal installation is much smaller, when compared with RHEL 8:

Minimal RHEL 8 install	Minimal RHEL 9 install	Minimal RHEL 9 install (with firmware & Podman)
302 rpms	244 rpms	292 rpms
1.1G of disk	652M of disk	863M of disk

Supported RHEL for Edge image types

With RHEL for Edge, you can compose customized RHEL (rpm-ostree) images using image builder, and then remotely install and manage the images on Edge servers.

The following image types are supported in RHEL 9:

RHEL for Edge Commit (.tar)
RHEL for Edge Container (.tar)
RHEL for Edge Installer (.iso)
RHEL for Edge Raw Image (.raw.xz)
RHEL for Edge Simplified Installer (.iso)

Supported RHEL for Edge image names

Previously, the image types were prefixed by rhel-. This prefix was removed, but the previous image names, such as rhel-edge-container and rhel-edge-installer still work as aliases to the new names. These names are considered deprecated and may be removed completely in future versions. The following RHEL for Edge image names are supported in RHEL 9:

edge-commit
edge-container
edge-installer

Chapter 24. Performance

This chapter lists the most notable changes to performance between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

24.1. Notable changes to performance

Performance Co-Pilot rebased to version 6.0

Starting in RHEL 9.2, Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) has been updated to version 6.0. Notable improvements include:

Version 3 PCP archive support:
This includes support for instance domain change-deltas, Y2038-safe timestamps, nanosecond-precision timestamps, arbitrary timezones support, and 64-bit file offsets used throughout for larger (beyond 2GB) individual volumes.
This feature is currently opt-in via the PCP_ARCHIVE_VERSION setting in the /etc/pcp.conf file.
Version 2 archives remain the default.
Only OpenSSL is used throughout PCP. Mozilla NSS/NSPR use has been dropped:
This impacts libpcp, PMAPI clients and PMCD use of encryption. These elements are now configured and used consistently with pmproxy HTTPS support and redis-server, which were both already using OpenSSL.
New nanosecond precision timestamp PMAPI calls for PCP library interfaces that make use of timestamps.
These are all optional, and full backward compatibility is preserved for existing tools.
The following tools and services have been updated:
pcp2elasticsearch
Implemented authentication support.
pcp-dstat
Implemented support for the top-alike plugins.
pcp-htop
Updated to the latest stable upstream release.
pmseries
Added sum, avg, stdev, nth_percentile, max_inst, max_sample, min_inst and min_sample functions.
pmdabpf
Added CO-RE (Compile Once - Run Everywhere) modules and support for AMD64, Intel 64-bit, 64-bit ARM, and IBM Power Systems.
pmdabpftrace
Moved example autostart scripts to the /usr/share directory.
pmdadenki
Added support for multiple active batteries.
pmdalinux
Updates for the latest /proc/net/netstat changes.
pmdaopenvswitch
Added additional interface and coverage statistics.
pmproxy
Request parameters can now be sent in the request body.
pmieconf
Added several pmie rules for Open vSwitch metrics.
pmlogger_farm
Added a default configuration file for farm loggers.
pmlogger_daily_report
Some major efficiency improvements.

The sadf(1) tool now generates PCP archives from native sadc(1) archives

Starting in RHEL 9, the sadf(1) tool provided by the sysstat package can generate PCP archives from native sadc(1) archives.

By default, when the - flag is used with sadc(1), sadc(1) writes the data to the standard system activity daily data file. This file is named saDD and is located in the /var/log/sa directory by default. Conversely, when no input datafile is specified, the sadf(1) tool uses the standard system activity daily data file to generate archives. Pass numbers as an argument to tell sadf(1) to generate archives from data recorded that specified number of days in the past.

To generate a PCP archive from an sadc(1) archive recorded 2 days ago, run:
```
# sadf -l -O pcparchive=/tmp/recording -2
```

To show a list of metrics in the PCP archive generated from an sadc(1) archive archive, run:

$ pminfo --archive /tmp/recording
Disk.dev.avactive
Disk.dev.read
Disk.dev.write
Disk.dev.blkread
[...]

To show the timespace of the archive and hostname of the PCP archive generated from an sadc(1) archive

$ pmdumplog --label /tmp/recording
Log Label (Log Format Version 2)
Performance metrics from host shard
        commencing Tue Jul 20 00:10:30.642477 2021
        ending     Wed Jul 21 00:10:30.222176 2021

You can then analyze the PCP archive generated from an sadc(1) archive by using PCP commands, for example:
```
$ pmchart --archive /tmp/recording
```

New PCP PMDA - pmdabpf

RHEL 9 is distributed with the pcp-pmda-bpf package, which provides the pmdabpf Performance Co-Pilot (PCP) Performance Metric Domain Agent (PMDA).

The pmdabpf PMDA extracts live performance data from eBPF programs utilizing BPF CO-RE (Compile Once - Run Everywhere), that is libbpf and BTF.

Chapter 25. System roles

This chapter lists the most notable changes to system roles between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

25.1. Performing system administration tasks with RHEL System Roles

As of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0 General Availability (GA) release, RHEL System Roles includes the ansible-core 2.12 package. This is a version of Ansible that has only the core functionality - that is, it does not include modules such as blivet for the storage role, gobject for the network role, and plugins such as json_query.

With RHEL System Roles, you can take advantage of a configuration interface to remotely manage multiple RHEL systems. As an option to the traditional RHEL System Roles format, you can benefit from Ansible Collections, available in the Automation Hub only for Ansible Automation Platform Customers or via RPM package, available for RHEL users.

RHEL System Roles support

Support for the following roles are available:

The cockpit RHEL System Role. You can automate the deployment and configuration of the web console and, thus, be able to manage your RHEL systems from a web browser.
The firewall RHEL System Role.
The ha_cluster RHEL System Role, formerly presented as a Technology Preview, is now fully supported.
The nbde_client RHEL System Role now supports servers with static IP addresses.
The Microsoft SQL (microsoft.sql.server) role for Microsoft SQL Server. It simplifies and automates the configuration of RHEL with recommended settings for MSSQL Server workloads. Currently, the SQL Server does not support running on RHEL 9. You can only run the role on a RHEL 9 control node to manage the SQL Server on RHEL 7 and RHEL 8.
The VPN RHEL System Role, to configure VPN connections on RHEL systems by using Red Hat Ansible Automation Platform. Users can use it to set up host-to-host, network-to-network, VPN Remote Access Server, and Mesh configurations.
The IPMI modules, to automate hardware management interfaces available in the rhel_mgmt Collection.

To learn more about the RHEL System Roles, see the documentation title Administration and configuration tasks using System Roles in RHEL.

Support for Ansible Engine 2.9 is no longer available in RHEL 9

Ansible Engine 2.9 is no longer available in Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9. Playbooks that previously ran on Ansible Engine 2.9 might generate error messages related to missing plugins or modules. If your use case for Ansible falls outside of the limited scope of support for Ansible Core provided in RHEL, contact Red Hat to discuss the available offerings.

RHEL System Roles now uses Ansible Core

As of the RHEL 9 General Availability release, Ansible Core is provided with a limited scope of support to enable RHEL supported automation use cases. Ansible Core is available in the AppStream repository for RHEL. For details on the scope of support, refer to Scope of support for the Ansible Core package included in the RHEL 9 AppStream.

Note

As of Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9.0, the scope of support for Ansible Core in the RHEL AppStream is limited to any Ansible playbooks, roles, and modules that are included with or generated by a Red Hat product, such as RHEL System Roles.

Appendix A. Changes to packages

This chapter lists changes to packages between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9.

A.1. New packages

The following packages were added in RHEL 9:

Package	Repository	New in
a52dec	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
adobe-source-code-pro-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
afterburn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
afterburn-dracut	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
alsa-plugins-pulseaudio	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
alternatives	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
anaconda-install-img-deps	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
anaconda-widgets-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ant-junit5	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
anthy-unicode	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
anthy-unicode-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
appstream	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
appstream-compose	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
appstream-compose-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
appstream-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
appstream-qt	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
appstream-qt-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
aspnetcore-runtime-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
aspnetcore-targeting-pack-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
autocorr-dsb	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
autocorr-el	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
autocorr-hsb	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
autocorr-vro	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
babel-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
bind-dnssec-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bind-dnssec-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bind-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
binutils-gold	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
blas64_	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
bmc-snmp-proxy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boost-b2	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
boost-contract	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boost-doctools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
boost-json	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boost-nowide	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bootupd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
Box2D	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
butane	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
byte-buddy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
byte-buddy-agent	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
byteman-bmunit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
catatonit	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
capstone	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
capstone-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
capstone-java	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
cdrskin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cifs-utils-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
cldr-emoji-annotation-dtd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
clevis-pin-tpm2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
compat-hesiod	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
compat-openssl11	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
compat-paratype-pt-sans-fonts-f33-f34	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
compat-sap-c++-12	rhel9-SAP	RHEL 9.2
console-login-helper-messages	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
console-login-helper-messages-issuegen	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
console-login-helper-messages-motdgen	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
console-login-helper-messages-profile	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
console-setup	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
container-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cups-printerapp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
curl-minimal	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
cxl-cli	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
cxl-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
cxl-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
cyrus-imapd-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dbus-broker	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
ddiskit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
debugedit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dejavu-lgc-sans-mono-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dejavu-lgc-serif-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
docbook5-style-xsl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
docbook5-style-xsl-extensions	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dotnet-apphost-pack-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-hostfxr-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-runtime-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-sdk-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-sdk-7.0-source-built-artifacts	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-targeting-pack-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
dotnet-templates-7.0	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
double-conversion	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
double-conversion-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ecj	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
edk2-tools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
edk2-tools-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
egl-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
emacs-auctex	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
emacs-cython-mode	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
evince-previewer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
evince-thumbnailer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
exfatprogs	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
fapolicyd-dnf-plugin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fdk-aac-free	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fdk-aac-free-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
fence-agents-openstack	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
festival	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
festival-data	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
festvox-slt-arctic-hts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-dev-dax	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-http	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-libaio	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-libpmem	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-nbd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-pmemblk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-rados	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-rbd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fio-engine-rdma	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
firefox-x11	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
flashrom	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas-netlib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas-netlib64	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas-openblas-openmp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
flexiblas-openblas-openmp64	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
fonts-filesystem	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
fonts-rpm-macros	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
fonts-srpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freeglut-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
freeradius-mysql	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
freeradius-perl	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
freeradius-postgresql	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
freeradius-rest	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
freeradius-sqlite	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
freeradius-unixODBC	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
frr-selinux	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
fstrm-utils	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
fwupd-plugin-flashrom	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gawk-all-langpacks	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gcc-plugin-annobin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gcc-toolset-12	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-annocheck	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-annobin-plugin-gcc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-binutils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-binutils-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-binutils-gold	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-build	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-dwz	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-gcc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-c++	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-gfortran	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-plugin-annobin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
gcc-toolset-12-gcc-plugin-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-gdb	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libasan-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libatomic-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libgccjit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libgccjit-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libgccjit-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libitm-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-liblsan-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libquadmath-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libstdc++-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libstdc++-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libtsan-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-libubsan-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-offload-nvptx	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcc-toolset-12-runtime	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gcr-base	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gdb-minimal	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gedit-plugin-sessionsaver	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gedit-plugin-synctex	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gegl04-devel-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gegl04-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glade	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glibc-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glibc-langpack-ckb	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
glibc-langpack-mnw	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
glslang	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glslang-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
glslc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs-cloudsync-plugins	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-connections	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-devel-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-extensions-app	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-kiosk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-kiosk-script-session	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gnome-kiosk-search-appliance	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gnome-shell-extension-background-logo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-themes-extra	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-tour	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnu-efi-compat	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
go-filesystem	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
go-rpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
go-rpm-templates	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
golang-github-cpuguy83-md2man	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
google-carlito-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
google-noto-sans-mono-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
google-noto-sans-sinhala-vf-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
google-noto-sans-symbols2-fonts	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
google-noto-serif-gurmukhi-vf-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
google-noto-serif-sinhala-vf-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
graphene	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
graphene-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gstreamer1-plugins-base-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
gtk3-devel-docs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
gtk4	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gtk4-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gtksourceview4	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gtksourceview4-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
guestfs-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ha-cloud-support	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
ha-openstack-support	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
highcontrast-icon-theme	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hivex-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ht-caladea-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
httpd-core	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
hunspell-filesystem	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hyphen-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ibus-anthy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ibus-anthy-python	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
idm-jss	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-ldapjdk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-acme	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-base	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-ca	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-est	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
idm-pki-java	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-kra	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-server	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-pki-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
idm-tomcatjss	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
ignition	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ignition-edge	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
ignition-validate	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
imath	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
imath-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
inih	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
inih-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
initscripts-rename-device	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
initscripts-service	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
iptables-nft	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
iptables-nft-services	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jakarta-activation	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jakarta-activation2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jakarta-annotations	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jakarta-mail	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jakarta-servlet	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
jasper	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jasper-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
javapackages-generators	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
jaxb-api	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jaxb-api4	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-codemodel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-core	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-dtd-parser	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-istack-commons-runtime	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-istack-commons-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-relaxng-datatype	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-rngom	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-runtime	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-txw2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-xjc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jaxb-xsom	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
jbigkit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jbig2dec-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
jigawatts-javadoc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jitterentropy	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
jitterentropy-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
jmc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
jna-contrib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kasumi-common	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kasumi-unicode	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-debug-devel-matched	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-devel-matched	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-debug-modules-core	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
kernel-debug-uki-virt	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
kernel-modules-core	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
kernel-rt-debug-modules-core	rhel9-NFV	RHEL 9.2
kernel-rt-modules-core	rhel9-NFV	RHEL 9.2
kernel-srpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-uki-virt	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
keylime	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-agent-rust	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-base	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-registrar	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-selinux	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-tenant	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
keylime-verifier	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
khmer-os-battambang-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-bokor-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-content-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-fasthand-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-freehand-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-handwritten-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-metal-chrieng-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-muol-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-muol-fonts-all	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-muol-pali-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-siemreap-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
khmer-os-system-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ksmtuned	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lame	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-bo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-af	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-am	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ar	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-as	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ast	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-be	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-bg	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-bn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-bo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-br	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-bs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ca	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-cs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-cy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-da	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-de	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-dz	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-el	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-en	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-en_GB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-es	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-et	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-eu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-fa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-fi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-af	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-am	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ar	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-as	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ast	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-be	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-bg	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-bn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-bo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-br	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-bs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ca	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-cs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-cy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-da	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-de	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-dz	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-el	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-en	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-es	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-et	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-eu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-fa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-fi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-fr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ga	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-gl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-gu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-he	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-hi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-hr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-hu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ia	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-id	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-is	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-it	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ja	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ka	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-kk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-km	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-kn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ko	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ku	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-lt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-lv	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-mai	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-mk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-mr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ms	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-my	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-nb	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ne	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-nl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-nn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-nr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-nso	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-or	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-pa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-pl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-pt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ro	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ru	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-si	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-sk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-sl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-sq	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-sr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ss	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-sv	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ta	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-te	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-th	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-tn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-tr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-uk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ur	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-ve	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-vi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-xh	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-yi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-zh_CN	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-zh_HK	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-zh_TW	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-font-zu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-fr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ga	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-gl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-gu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-he	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-hi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-hr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-hu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ia	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-id	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-is	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-it	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ja	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ka	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-kk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-km	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-kn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ko	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ku	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-lt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-lv	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-mai	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-mk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-mr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ms	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-my	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-nb	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ne	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-nl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-nn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-nr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-nso	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-or	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-pa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-pl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-pt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-pt_BR	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ro	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ru	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-si	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-sk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-sl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-sq	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-sr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ss	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-sv	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ta	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-te	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-th	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-tn	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-tr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-uk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ur	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-ve	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-vi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-xh	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-yi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-zh_CN	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-zh_HK	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-zh_TW	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-core-zu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-dz	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-ka	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-km	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-ku	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-my	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-yi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
langpacks-zh_HK	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lapack64_	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ldns-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ldns-utils	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
liba52-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libabigail	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libasan8	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libblockdev-nvme	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
libblockdev-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libbpf-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libbrotli	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libburn-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcbor	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libcdr-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libdecor	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libdecor-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libdhash-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libdnf-plugin-subscription-manager	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libdvdnav-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libeconf	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libell	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libestr-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libfdt-static	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libfido2	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libfido2-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libfl-static	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libfreehand-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libgccjit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libgccjit-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libgpiod	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libgpiod-c++	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libgpiod-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libgpiod-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libhandy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libi2c-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libi2cd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libi2cd-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libical-glib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libical-glib-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libisoburn-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libisofs-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libjcat	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libjcat-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libknet1-compress-zstd-plugin	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
libldac	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libmemcached-awesome	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmemcached-awesome-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmemcached-awesome-tools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmpeg2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libmpeg2-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libmspub-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libmypaint	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnetapi	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
libnetapi-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libnvme	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.1
libnvme-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libotr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libotr-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libpagemaker-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libpmem2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmem2-debug	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmem2-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libqrtr-glib	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libqxp-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
librabbitmq-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libradospp-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libreoffice	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
libreoffice-help-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libreoffice-langpack-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libreoffice-langpack-fy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libsane-airscan	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libsbc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libsepol-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libshaderc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libshaderc-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libsmartcols-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libsndfile-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libstoragemgmt-nfs-plugin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-targetd-plugin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libtracecmd	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libtracecmd-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtraceevent	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libtraceevent-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtracefs	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libtracefs-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtracker-sparql	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libtsan2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
libvala	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libvala-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libvdpau-trace	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libverto-libev	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-client-qemu	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libvma-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libwebp-tools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libwmf-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libwpe	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libwpe-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libxcrypt-compat	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libxcvt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
libxcvt-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
libxdp-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libxdp-static	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
libzmf-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
linux-firmware-whence	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
lld-test	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lmdb	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
lorax-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
low-memory-monitor	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lua-rpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lua-srpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
man-db-cron	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
mariadb-connector-c-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-connector-c-test	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
marshalparser	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
maven-surefire-provider-junit5	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
memcached-selinux	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mesa-demos	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mingw-w64-tools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
mingw32-libgcc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
mingw32-srvany	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mingw64-libgcc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
mkfontscale	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mkpasswd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
mod_jk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mod_lua	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mod_proxy_cluster	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mpdecimal	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
mpdecimal++	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
mpdecimal-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
mpdecimal-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
mpich-autoload	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mptcpd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mypaint-brushes	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mythes-eo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
nbdkit-srpm-macros	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
netronome-firmware	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
nfs-utils-coreos	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
nfsv4-client-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
nginx-core	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
nmstate-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
nmstate-static	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
nodejs-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
nodejs-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
nodejs-packaging	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
nodejs-packaging-bundler	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
npth-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
nss_wrapper-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
nvme-stas	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-brlapi	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-calendar	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-calendar-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-camomile	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-camomile-data	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-camomile-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-csexp	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-csexp-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-csv	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-csv-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-curses	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-curses-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-docs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-dune	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-dune-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-dune-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-dune-emacs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-fileutils	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-fileutils-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-gettext	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-gettext-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-libvirt	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-libvirt-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-ocamlbuild-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-source	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-xml-light	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
ocaml-xml-light-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
open-vm-tools-salt-minion	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
open-vm-tools-test	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openblas-serial	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openexr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openexr-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
openexr-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openldap-compat	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
openmpi-java	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openslp-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
openslp-server	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pam-docs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pam_wrapper	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
passt	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
passt-selinux	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
pbzip2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcp-pmda-bpf	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre2-syntax	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
perl-BSD-Resource	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Cyrus	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-DBD-MariaDB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-ldns	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
perl-Mail-AuthenticationResults	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Module-Signature	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Net-CIDR-Lite	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Net-DNS-Nameserver	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
perl-XString	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pf-bb-config	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
php-libguestfs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
pinentry-tty	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pipewire-alsa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pipewire-gstreamer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pipewire-jack-audio-connection-kit	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pipewire-jack-audio-connection-kit-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pipewire-pulseaudio	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-annotations	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-core	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-databind	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-jaxrs-json-provider	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-jaxrs-providers	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-jackson-module-jaxb-annotations	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-resteasy-client	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-resteasy-core	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pki-resteasy-jackson2-provider	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plotnetcfg	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pmix-pmi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pmix-pmi-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pmix-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
poppler-data-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
postgresql-docs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
postgresql-private-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-private-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-static	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
postgresql-test-rpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
postgresql-upgrade-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
power-profiles-daemon	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
procps-ng-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
pt-sans-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pybind11-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pyparsing-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pyproject-rpm-macros	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
pyproject-srpm-macros	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python-dateutil-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python-packaging-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python-sphinx-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python-sphinx_rtd_theme-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python-unversioned-command	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
python3-alembic	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-appdirs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-babeltrace	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
python3-cairo-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
python3-capstone	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3-debug	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-dnf-plugin-modulesync	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-file-magic	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-gluster	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-gobject-base-noarch	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.1
python3-gobject-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-greenlet	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-i2c-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-idm-pki	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-imath	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-iniconfig	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-keylime	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-lark-parser	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-lasso	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-ldns	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
python3-libevdev	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libfdt	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
python3-libgpiod	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-libnvme	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-net-snmp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-psutil-tests	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pybind11	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pycdlib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pyelftools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pyrsistent	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pytest-subtests	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pytest-timeout	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-readthedocs-sphinx-ext	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-requests+security	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-requests+socks	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-requests-gssapi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-resolvelib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-ruamel-yaml	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-ruamel-yaml-clib	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-samba-dc	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
python3-samba-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3-samba-test	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3-scapy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-scour	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-setuptools_scm+toml	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinx-latex	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-applehelp	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-devhelp	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-htmlhelp	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-httpdomain	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-jsmath	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-qthelp	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sphinxcontrib-serializinghtml	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-sqlalchemy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-toml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-tornado	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-urllib-gssapi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-virt-firmware	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-volume_key	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-wcwidth	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3.11	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-attrs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-cffi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-charset-normalizer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-cryptography	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-Cython	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-debug	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-idle	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-idna	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-iniconfig	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-lxml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-mod_wsgi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-numpy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-numpy-f2py	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-packaging	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pip	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pip-wheel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pluggy	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-ply	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-psycopg2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-psycopg2-debug	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-psycopg2-tests	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pybind11	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pybind11-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pycparser	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-PyMySQL	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-PyMySQL+rsa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pyparsing	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pysocks	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pytest	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-pyyaml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-requests	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-requests+security	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-requests+socks	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-scipy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-semantic_version	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-setuptools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-setuptools-rust	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-setuptools-wheel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-six	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-test	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-tkinter	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-urllib3	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-wheel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3.11-wheel-wheel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
qatlib-service	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
qemu-ga-win	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-audio-pa	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-gpu	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-gpu-gl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-gpu-pci	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-gpu-pci-gl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-vga	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-display-virtio-vga-gl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-usb-host	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-device-usb-redirect	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-ui-egl-headless	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qemu-pr-helper	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qpdf	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
qpdf-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
qt5	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qt3d-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtbase-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtcharts-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtconnectivity-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtdatavis3d-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtdeclarative-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtgamepad-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtgraphicaleffects-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtimageformats-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtlocation-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtmultimedia-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtpurchasing-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtquickcontrols-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtquickcontrols2-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtremoteobjects-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtscript-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtscxml-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtsensors-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtserialbus-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtserialport-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtspeech-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtsvg-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qttools-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtvirtualkeyboard-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtwayland-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtwebchannel-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtwebsockets-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtwebview-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtx11extras-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
qt5-qtxmlpatterns-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
realtime-setup	rhel9-NFV	RHEL 9.0
realtime-tests	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
redhat-display-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
redhat-cloud-client-configuration	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
redhat-mono-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
redhat-sb-certs	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
redhat-text-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
resource-agents-cloud	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
restore	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
rhc-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
rpm-plugin-audit	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
rpm-sign-libs	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
rsyslog-logrotate	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
rtla	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
ruby-bundled-gems	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
rubygem-thread_order	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
rust-analyzer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
s-nail	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
samba-dc-libs	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
samba-dcerpc	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
samba-ldb-ldap-modules	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
samba-tools	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
samba-usershares	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
sane-airscan	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sdl12-compat	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sdl12-compat-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
setxkbmap	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-base-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-iface-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-log-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-mod-block-blkid	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-mod-block-dm-mpath	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-mod-dummies	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-resource-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sid-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sip6	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
speech-tools-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ssh-key-dir	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
sssd-idp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
sudo-python-plugin	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
synce4l	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
sysprof-capture-devel	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
systemd-boot-unsigned	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
systemd-oomd	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
systemd-resolved	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
systemd-rpm-macros	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
tesseract-langpack-eng	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tesseract-tessdata-doc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tex-preview	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-alphalph	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-atbegshi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-attachfile2	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-atveryend	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-auxhook	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-bigintcalc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-bitset	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-bookmark	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-catchfile	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-colorprofiles	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-dehyph	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-epstopdf-pkg	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-etexcmds	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-etoc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-footnotehyper	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-gettitlestring	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-gnu-freefont	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
texlive-grfext	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-grffile	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-hanging	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-hobsub	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-hologo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-hycolor	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-hyphenex	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-ifplatform	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-infwarerr	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-intcalc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-kvdefinekeys	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-kvoptions	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-kvsetkeys	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-l3backend	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-latexbug	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-letltxmacro	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-listofitems	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-ltxcmds	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-luahbtex	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-lwarp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-minitoc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-modes	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-newfloat	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-newunicodechar	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-notoccite	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-obsolete	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-pdfcolmk	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-pdfescape	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-pdflscape	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-pdftexcmds	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-ragged2e	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-refcount	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-rerunfilecheck	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-sansmathaccent	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-stackengine	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-stringenc	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-texlive-scripts-extra	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-translator	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-ucharcat	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-uniquecounter	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-wasy-type1	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
texlive-zref	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tomcat	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-admin-webapps	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-docs-webapp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-el-3.0-api	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-jsp-2.3-api	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-lib	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-servlet-4.0-api	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
tomcat-webapps	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
totem-video-thumbnailer	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tpm2-pkcs11	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tpm2-pkcs11-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
tuned-profiles-postgresql	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
tuned-profiles-spectrumscale	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
twolame	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
uchardet	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
uchardet-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
unbound-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
uresourced	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
usbredir-server	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
utf8proc-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
util-linux-core	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
uuid-c++	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
uuid-dce	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
virt-p2v	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
virt-win-reg	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
virtiofsd	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
voikko-fi	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wayland-utils	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
waypipe	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wireguard-tools	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wireless-regdb	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
wireplumber	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wireplumber-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wpebackend-fdo	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
wpebackend-fdo-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
xdg-dbus-proxy	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xdg-desktop-portal-gnome	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
xfsprogs-xfs_scrub	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xhtml2fo-style-xsl	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xkbcomp	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xmlstarlet	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
xmlto-tex	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xmlto-xhtml	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
xmvn-tools	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
xorg-x11-server-source	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
xxhash	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
xxhash-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
xxhash-doc	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
xxhash-libs	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
yara	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
yara-devel	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.1
zram-generator	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0

A.2. Package replacements

The following table lists packages that were replaced, renamed, merged, or split:

Original package(s)	New package(s)	Changed since	Note
apache-commons-lang (javapackages-tools:201801), apache-commons-lang3 (javapackages-tools:201801)	apache-commons-lang3	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-lang (pki-deps:10.6), apache-commons-lang3 (maven:3.5, maven:3.6)	apache-commons-lang3	RHEL 9.0
bind-libs-lite	bind-libs	RHEL 9.0
bind-lite-devel	bind-devel	RHEL 9.0
binutils-2.30-107.el8	binutils-2.35.2-6.el9, binutils-gold-2.35.2-6.el9	RHEL 9.0
clutter-gst2	clutter-gst3	RHEL 9.0
crda	wireless-regdb	RHEL 9.0
dnf-plugin-subscription-manager, subscription-manager	subscription-manager	RHEL 9.0
fio	fio, fio-engine-dev-dax, fio-engine-http, fio-engine-libaio, fio-engine-libpmem, fio-engine-nbd, fio-engine-pmemblk, fio-engine-rados, fio-engine-rbd, fio-engine-rdma	RHEL 9.0
fio	fio, fio-engine-http, fio-engine-libaio, fio-engine-nbd, fio-engine-rados, fio-engine-rbd, fio-engine-rdma	RHEL 9.0
flex-devel	libfl-devel, libfl-static	RHEL 9.0
fontpackages-devel	fonts-rpm-macros	RHEL 9.0
fontpackages-filesystem	fonts-filesystem	RHEL 9.0
genisoimage	xorriso	RHEL 9.0	The `genisoimage` package has been replaced by the `xorriso` package, which now provides the `genisoimage` command.
glassfish-jaxb-api (pki-deps:10.6)	jaxb-api	RHEL 9.0
glassfish-jaxb-runtime (pki-deps:10.6)	jaxb-impl	RHEL 9.0
gnome-session-kiosk-session	gnome-kiosk	RHEL 9.0
google-crosextra-caladea-fonts	ht-caladea-fonts	RHEL 9.0
google-crosextra-carlito-fonts	google-carlito-fonts	RHEL 9.0
google-noto-mono-fonts	google-noto-sans-mono-fonts	RHEL 9.0
guava (maven:3.6), guava20 (maven:3.5)	guava	RHEL 9.0
guava20 (javapackages-tools:201801)	guava	RHEL 9.0
hesiod	compat-hesiod	RHEL 9.0
httpcomponents-client (javapackages-tools:201801), jakarta-commons-httpclient (javapackages-tools:201801)	httpcomponents-client	RHEL 9.0	The `jakarta-commons-httpclient` package has been replaced by the `httpcomponents-client` package, which has a slightly different API. You must port code changes from `jakarta-commons-httpclient` to `httpcomponents-client`.
httpcomponents-client (maven:3.5, maven:3.6), jakarta-commons-httpclient (pki-deps:10.6)	httpcomponents-client	RHEL 9.0
ibus-kkc	ibus-anthy	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-acme (pki-core:10.6)	pki-acme	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-base (pki-core:10.6)	pki-base	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-base-java (pki-core:10.6)	pki-base-java	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-ca (pki-core:10.6)	pki-ca	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-kra (pki-core:10.6)	pki-kra	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-server (pki-core:10.6)	pki-server	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-symkey (pki-core:10.6)	pki-symkey	RHEL 9.0
idm-pki-tools (pki-core:10.6)	pki-tools	RHEL 9.0
ilmbase	imath, openexr-devel	RHEL 9.0
inkscape1	inkscape	RHEL 9.0
inkscape1-docs	inkscape-docs	RHEL 9.0
inkscape1-view	inkscape-view	RHEL 9.0
ipa-client (idm:client), ipa-client (idm:DL1)	ipa-client	RHEL 9.0
ipa-client-common (idm:client), ipa-client-common (idm:DL1)	ipa-client-common	RHEL 9.0
ipa-client-epn (idm:client), ipa-client-epn (idm:DL1)	ipa-client-epn	RHEL 9.0
ipa-client-samba (idm:client), ipa-client-samba (idm:DL1)	ipa-client-samba	RHEL 9.0
ipa-common (idm:client), ipa-common (idm:DL1)	ipa-common	RHEL 9.0
ipa-healthcheck-core (idm:client), ipa-healthcheck-core (idm:DL1)	ipa-healthcheck-core	RHEL 9.0
ipa-selinux (idm:client), ipa-selinux (idm:DL1)	ipa-selinux	RHEL 9.0
iptables, iptables-arptables, iptables-ebtables	iptables-nft	RHEL 9.0
iptables-services	iptables-nft-services	RHEL 9.0
istack-commons	jaxb-istack-commons	RHEL 9.0
jackson-annotations (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-annotations	RHEL 9.0
jackson-core (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-core	RHEL 9.0
jackson-databind (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-databind	RHEL 9.0
jackson-jaxrs-json-provider (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-jaxrs-json-provider	RHEL 9.0
jackson-jaxrs-providers (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-jaxrs-providers	RHEL 9.0
jackson-module-jaxb-annotations (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-jackson-module-jaxb-annotations	RHEL 9.0
javamail (javapackages-tools:201801)	jakarta-mail	RHEL 9.0	The `javamail` package has been replaced with the `jakarta-mail` package, which is API-compatible. Code changes might be required to port from `javamail` to `jakarta-mail`.
jss, pki-symkey	idm-jss	RHEL 9.1
kernel-abi-whitelists	kernel-abi-stablelists	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-base-fonts	khmer-os-content-fonts, khmer-os-system-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-battambang-fonts	khmer-os-battambang-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-bokor-fonts	khmer-os-bokor-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-handwritten-fonts	khmer-os-fasthand-fonts, khmer-os-freehand-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-metal-chrieng-fonts	khmer-os-metal-chrieng-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-muol-fonts	khmer-os-muol-fonts, khmer-os-muol-pali-fonts	RHEL 9.0
khmeros-siemreap-fonts	khmer-os-siemreap-fonts	RHEL 9.0
ldapjdk	idm-ldapjdk	RHEL 9.1
libguestfs-tools (virt:rhel)	virt-win-reg	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-tools-c (virt:rhel)	guestfs-tools	RHEL 9.0
libmemcached	libmemcached-awesome, libmemcached-awesome-tools	RHEL 9.0	The `libmemcached` library has been replaced by the `libmemcached-awesome` fork. The package has also been moved from the AppStream repository to the unsupported CodeReady Linux Builder repository.
libmemcached-devel	libmemcached-awesome-devel	RHEL 9.0
libmemcached-libs	libmemcached-awesome	RHEL 9.0
lorax-composer	osbuild-composer	RHEL 9.0
mailx	s-nail	RHEL 9.0	The `mailx` mail processing system has been replaced by `s-nail`. The `s-nail` utility is compatible with `mailx` and adds numerous new features. The `mailx` package is no longer maintained in upstream.
maven-artifact-resolver (javapackages-tools:201801), maven-artifact-transfer (javapackages-tools:201801)	maven-artifact-transfer	RHEL 9.0	The `maven-artifact-resolver` package has been replaced by the `maven-artifact-transfer` package, which should be API-compatible. Code changes might be required to port from `maven-artifact-resolver` to `maven-artifact-transfer`.
mesa-khr-devel	libglvnd-devel	RHEL 9.0
mesa-libGLES	libglvnd-gles	RHEL 9.0
mesa-vulkan-devel	mesa-vulkan-drivers	RHEL 9.0
metacity	gnome-kiosk	RHEL 9.0	The `metacity` package has been replaced with the `gnome-kiosk` package, which has similar functionality.
OpenEXR-libs	openexr	RHEL 9.0
paratype-pt-sans-fonts	pt-sans-fonts	RHEL 9.0
perl (perl:5.24)	perl-AutoLoader, perl-AutoSplit, perl-autouse, perl-B, perl-base, perl-Benchmark, perl-blib, perl-Class-Struct, perl-Config-Extensions, perl-DBM_Filter, perl-debugger, perl-deprecate, perl-diagnostics, perl-DirHandle, perl-doc, perl-Dumpvalue, perl-DynaLoader, perl-encoding-warnings, perl-English, perl-ExtUtils-Constant, perl-Fcntl, perl-fields, perl-File-Basename, perl-File-Compare, perl-File-Copy, perl-File-DosGlob, perl-File-Find, perl-File-stat, perl-FileCache, perl-FileHandle, perl-filetest, perl-FindBin, perl-GDBM_File, perl-Getopt-Std, perl-Hash-Util, perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash, perl-I18N-Collate, perl-I18N-Langinfo, perl-I18N-LangTags, perl-if, perl-interpreter, perl-IPC-Open3, perl-less, perl-lib, perl-libs, perl-locale, perl-meta-notation, perl-mro, perl-NDBM_File, perl-Net, perl-NEXT, perl-ODBM_File, perl-Opcode, perl-overload, perl-overloading, perl-ph, perl-Pod-Functions, perl-POSIX, perl-Safe, perl-Search-Dict, perl-SelectSaver, perl-sigtrap, perl-sort, perl-subs, perl-Symbol, perl-Sys-Hostname, perl-Term-Complete, perl-Term-ReadLine, perl-Text-Abbrev, perl-Thread, perl-Thread-Semaphore, perl-Tie, perl-Tie-File, perl-Tie-Memoize, perl-Tie-RefHash, perl-Time, perl-Unicode-UCD, perl-User-pwent, perl-vars, perl-vmsish	RHEL 9.0
perl-core (perl:5.24)	perl	RHEL 9.0
perl-interpreter	perl-AutoLoader, perl-AutoSplit, perl-autouse, perl-B, perl-base, perl-Benchmark, perl-blib, perl-Class-Struct, perl-Config-Extensions, perl-DBM_Filter, perl-debugger, perl-deprecate, perl-diagnostics, perl-DirHandle, perl-doc, perl-Dumpvalue, perl-DynaLoader, perl-encoding-warnings, perl-English, perl-ExtUtils-Constant, perl-Fcntl, perl-fields, perl-File-Basename, perl-File-Compare, perl-File-Copy, perl-File-DosGlob, perl-File-Find, perl-File-stat, perl-FileCache, perl-FileHandle, perl-filetest, perl-FindBin, perl-GDBM_File, perl-Getopt-Std, perl-Hash-Util, perl-Hash-Util-FieldHash, perl-I18N-Collate, perl-I18N-Langinfo, perl-I18N-LangTags, perl-if, perl-interpreter, perl-IPC-Open3, perl-less, perl-lib, perl-locale, perl-meta-notation, perl-mro, perl-NDBM_File, perl-Net, perl-NEXT, perl-ODBM_File, perl-Opcode, perl-overload, perl-overloading, perl-ph, perl-Pod-Functions, perl-POSIX, perl-Safe, perl-Search-Dict, perl-SelectSaver, perl-sigtrap, perl-sort, perl-subs, perl-Symbol, perl-Sys-Hostname, perl-Term-Complete, perl-Term-ReadLine, perl-Text-Abbrev, perl-Thread, perl-Thread-Semaphore, perl-Tie, perl-Tie-File, perl-Tie-Memoize, perl-Tie-RefHash, perl-Time, perl-Unicode-UCD, perl-User-pwent, perl-vars, perl-vmsish	RHEL 9.0
php-pecl-xdebug	php-pecl-xdebug3	RHEL 9.0
pki-acme	idm-pki-acme	RHEL 9.1
pki-base	idm-pki-base	RHEL 9.1
pki-base-java	idm-pki-java	RHEL 9.1
pki-ca	idm-pki-ca	RHEL 9.1
pki-kra	idm-pki-kra	RHEL 9.1
pki-server	idm-pki-server	RHEL 9.1
pki-tools	idm-pki-tools	RHEL 9.1
platform-python, python2 (python27:2.7), python36 (python36:3.6), python38 (python38:3.8), python39 (python39:3.9)	python3	RHEL 9.0
platform-python-debug, python2-debug (python27:2.7), python36-debug (python36:3.6), python38-debug (python38:3.8), python39-debug (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-debug	RHEL 9.0
platform-python-devel, python2-devel (python27:2.7), python36-devel (python36:3.6), python38-devel (python38:3.8), python39-devel (python39:3.9)	python3-devel	RHEL 9.0
platform-python-pip, python2-pip (python27:2.7), python3-pip, python38-pip (python38:3.8), python39-pip (python39:3.9)	python3-pip	RHEL 9.0
platform-python-setuptools, python2-setuptools (python27:2.7), python3-setuptools, python38-setuptools (python38:3.8), python39-setuptools (python39:3.9)	python3-setuptools	RHEL 9.0
podman (container-tools:rhel8), podman-manpages (container-tools:rhel8)	podman	RHEL 9.0
podman-catatonit	podman	RHEL 9.2	The `podman-catatonit` package has been replaced by functionality within the `podman` package directly. Note that no additional subpackage is required.
podman-manpages (container-tools:rhel8)	podman	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-upgrade-devel (postgresql:12), postgresql-upgrade-devel (postgresql:13)	postgresql-upgrade-devel	RHEL 9.0
pulseaudio	pipewire-pulseaudio	RHEL 9.0	The `pulseaudio` server implementation has been replaced by the `pipewire-pulseaudio` implementation. Note that only the server implementation has been switched. The `pulseaudio` client libraries are still in use.
pygobject2 (gimp:2.8)	python3-gobject	RHEL 9.0
pygobject2-codegen (gimp:2.8)	python3-gobject-base	RHEL 9.0
pygobject2-devel (gimp:2.8)	python3-gobject-devel	RHEL 9.0
pygobject3-devel	python3-gobject-devel	RHEL 9.0
python2-attrs (python27:2.7), python3-attrs, python38-attrs (python38-devel:3.8), python39-attrs (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-attrs	RHEL 9.0
python2-babel (python27:2.7), python3-babel, python38-babel (python38:3.8)	python3-babel	RHEL 9.0
python2-chardet (python27:2.7), python3-chardet, python38-chardet (python38:3.8), python39-chardet (python39:3.9)	python3-chardet	RHEL 9.0
python2-Cython (python27:2.7), python3-Cython, python38-Cython (python38:3.8), python39-Cython (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-Cython	RHEL 9.0
python2-dns (python27:2.7), python3-dns	python3-dns	RHEL 9.0
python2-docutils (python27:2.7), python3-docutils	python3-docutils (python36:3.6)	RHEL 9.0
python2-idna (python27:2.7), python38-idna (python38:3.8), python39-idna (python39:3.9)	python3-idna	RHEL 9.0
python2-jinja2 (python27:2.7), python3-jinja2, python38-jinja2 (python38:3.8)	python3-jinja2	RHEL 9.0
python2-libs (python27:2.7), python3-libs, python38-libs (python38:3.8), python39-libs (python39:3.9)	python3-libs	RHEL 9.0
python2-lxml (python27:2.7), python3-lxml, python38-lxml (python38:3.8), python39-lxml (python39:3.9)	python3-lxml	RHEL 9.0
python2-markupsafe (python27:2.7), python3-markupsafe, python38-markupsafe (python38:3.8)	python3-markupsafe	RHEL 9.0
python2-numpy (python27:2.7), python38-numpy (python38:3.8), python39-numpy (python39:3.9)	python3-numpy	RHEL 9.0
python2-numpy-f2py (python27:2.7), python38-numpy-f2py (python38:3.8), python39-numpy-f2py (python39:3.9)	python3-numpy-f2py	RHEL 9.0
python2-pip-wheel (python27:2.7), python3-pip-wheel, python38-pip-wheel (python38:3.8), python39-pip-wheel (python39:3.9)	python3-pip-wheel	RHEL 9.0
python2-pluggy (python27:2.7), python3-pluggy, python38-pluggy (python38-devel:3.8), python39-pluggy (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-pluggy	RHEL 9.0
python2-psycopg2 (python27:2.7), python38-psycopg2 (python38:3.8), python39-psycopg2 (python39:3.9)	python3-psycopg2	RHEL 9.0
python2-py (python27:2.7), python3-py, python38-py (python38-devel:3.8), python39-py (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-py	RHEL 9.0
python2-pygments (python27:2.7), python3-pygments (python36:3.6)	python3-pygments	RHEL 9.0
python2-PyMySQL (python27:2.7), python3-PyMySQL (python36:3.6), python38-PyMySQL (python38:3.8), python39-PyMySQL (python39:3.9)	python3-PyMySQL	RHEL 9.0
python2-pysocks (python27:2.7), python3-pysocks, python38-pysocks (python38:3.8), python39-pysocks (python39:3.9)	python3-pysocks	RHEL 9.0
python2-pytest (python27:2.7), python3-pytest, python38-pytest (python38-devel:3.8), python39-pytest (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-pytest	RHEL 9.0
python2-pytz (python27:2.7), python3-pytz, python38-pytz (python38:3.8)	python3-pytz	RHEL 9.0
python2-pyyaml (python27:2.7), python3-pyyaml, python38-pyyaml (python38:3.8), python39-pyyaml (python39:3.9)	python3-pyyaml	RHEL 9.0
python2-requests (python27:2.7), python3-requests, python38-requests (python38:3.8), python39-requests (python39:3.9)	python3-requests	RHEL 9.0
python2-rpm-macros (python27:2.7), python3-rpm-macros, python36-rpm-macros (python36:3.6), python38-rpm-macros (python38:3.8), python39-rpm-macros (python39:3.9)	python3-rpm-macros	RHEL 9.0
python2-scipy (python27:2.7), python3-scipy (python36:3.6), python38-scipy (python38:3.8), python39-scipy (python39:3.9)	python3-scipy	RHEL 9.0
python2-setuptools-wheel (python27:2.7), python3-setuptools-wheel, python38-setuptools-wheel (python38:3.8), python39-setuptools-wheel (python39:3.9)	python3-setuptools-wheel	RHEL 9.0
python2-setuptools_scm (python27:2.7), python3-setuptools_scm	python3-setuptools_scm	RHEL 9.0
python2-six (python27:2.7), python3-six, python38-six (python38:3.8), python39-six (python39:3.9)	python3-six	RHEL 9.0
python2-test (python27:2.7), python3-test, python38-test (python38:3.8), python39-test (python39:3.9)	python3-test	RHEL 9.0
python2-tkinter (python27:2.7), python3-tkinter, python38-tkinter (python38:3.8), python39-tkinter (python39:3.9)	python3-tkinter	RHEL 9.0
python2-urllib3 (python27:2.7), python3-urllib3, python38-urllib3 (python38:3.8), python39-urllib3 (python39:3.9)	python3-urllib3	RHEL 9.0
python2-wheel (python27:2.7), python3-wheel (python36:3.6), python38-wheel (python38:3.8), python39-wheel (python39:3.9)	python3-wheel	RHEL 9.0
python2-wheel-wheel (python27:2.7), python3-wheel-wheel (python36:3.6), python38-wheel-wheel (python38:3.8), python39-wheel-wheel (python39:3.9)	python3-wheel-wheel	RHEL 9.0
python3-idle, python38-idle (python38:3.8), python39-idle (python39:3.9)	python3-idle	RHEL 9.0
python3-idm-pki (pki-core:10.6)	python3-pki	RHEL 9.0
python3-ipaclient (idm:client), python3-ipaclient (idm:DL1)	python3-ipaclient	RHEL 9.0
python3-ipalib (idm:client), python3-ipalib (idm:DL1)	python3-ipalib	RHEL 9.0
python3-jwcrypto (idm:client), python3-jwcrypto (idm:DL1)	python3-jwcrypto	RHEL 9.0
python3-packaging, python38-packaging (python38-devel:3.8), python39-packaging (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-packaging	RHEL 9.0
python3-pki	python3-idm-pki	RHEL 9.1
python3-pyparsing, python38-pyparsing (python38-devel:3.8), python39-pyparsing (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-pyparsing	RHEL 9.0
python3-pyusb (idm:client), python3-pyusb (idm:DL1)	python3-pyusb	RHEL 9.0
python3-qrcode (idm:client), python3-qrcode (idm:DL1)	python3-qrcode-core	RHEL 9.0
python3-yubico (idm:client), python3-yubico (idm:DL1)	python3-yubico	RHEL 9.0
python38-cffi (python38:3.8), python39-cffi (python39:3.9)	python3-cffi	RHEL 9.0
python38-cryptography (python38:3.8), python39-cryptography (python39:3.9)	python3-cryptography	RHEL 9.0
python38-mod_wsgi (python38:3.8), python39-mod_wsgi (python39:3.9)	python3-mod_wsgi	RHEL 9.0
python38-ply (python38:3.8), python39-ply (python39:3.9)	python3-ply	RHEL 9.0
python38-psutil (python38:3.8), python39-psutil (python39:3.9)	python3-psutil	RHEL 9.0
python38-pycparser (python38:3.8), python39-pycparser (python39:3.9)	python3-pycparser	RHEL 9.0
python38-wcwidth (python38-devel:3.8), python39-wcwidth (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-wcwidth	RHEL 9.0
python39-iniconfig (python39-devel:3.9)	python3-iniconfig	RHEL 9.0
python39-toml (python39:3.9)	python3-toml	RHEL 9.0
qatlib	qatlib, qatlib-service	RHEL 9.1
qemu-kvm	ksmtuned, qemu-kvm	RHEL 9.0
qemu-kvm-common (virt:rhel)	qemu-kvm-common, virtiofsd	RHEL 9.0
resource-agents-aliyun, resource-agents-gcp	resource-agents-cloud	RHEL 9.0
resteasy (pki-deps:10.6)	pki-resteasy-client, pki-resteasy-core, pki-resteasy-jackson2-provider, pki-resteasy-jaxb-provider	RHEL 9.0
rng-tools	jitterentropy, jitterentropy-devel, rng-tools	RHEL 9.0
rpm	rpm, rpm-plugin-audit	RHEL 9.0
rpm-build-libs	rpm-build-libs, rpm-sign-libs	RHEL 9.0
rsyslog	rsyslog, rsyslog-logrotate	RHEL 9.0
rt-setup	realtime-setup	RHEL 9.0
rt-setup	realtime-setup	RHEL 9.0
rt-tests	realtime-tests	RHEL 9.0
ruby-irb (ruby:2.5)	rubygem-irb	RHEL 9.0
rubygem-did_you_mean (ruby:2.5, ruby:2.6)	ruby-default-gems	RHEL 9.0
rubygem-openssl (ruby:2.5, ruby:2.6, ruby:2.7)	ruby-default-gems	RHEL 9.0
SDL	sdl12-compat	RHEL 9.0
SDL-devel	sdl12-compat-devel	RHEL 9.0
texlive-ifetex, texlive-ifluatex, texlive-ifxetex	texlive-iftex	RHEL 9.0
texlive-tetex	texlive-texlive-scripts	RHEL 9.0
tomcatjss	idm-tomcatjss	RHEL 9.1
trace-cmd	libtracecmd, libtracecmd-devel, trace-cmd	RHEL 9.0
vala-devel	libvala-devel	RHEL 9.0
wodim	cdrskin	RHEL 9.0	The `wodim` package has been replaced by the `cdrskin` package. The `cdrecord` executable provided by `cdrskin` is compatible with `cdrecord` provided by `wodim`.
xfsprogs	xfsprogs, xfsprogs-xfs_scrub	RHEL 9.0
xinetd	systemd	RHEL 9.0	The `xinetd` package is not available in RHEL 9. Its functionality is now provided by `systemd`. For further details, see How to convert xinetd service to systemd.
xorg-x11-font-utils	mkfontscale	RHEL 9.0
xorg-x11-xkb-utils	setxkbmap, xkbcomp	RHEL 9.0

A.3. Moved packages

The following packages were moved between repositories within RHEL 9:

Package	Original repository*	Current repository*	Changed since
aajohan-comfortaa-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
adobe-source-code-pro-fonts	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
alsa-sof-firmware	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-antlr	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-bcel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-bsf	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-oro	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-regexp	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-resolver	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-apache-xalan2	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-commons-logging	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-commons-net	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-javamail	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-jdepend	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-jmf	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-jsch	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-junit	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-lib	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-swing	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-testutil	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ant-xz	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
antlr-tool	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-cli	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-codec	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-collections	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-compress	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-io	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-lang3	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-logging	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
apache-commons-net	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
aspell	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
assertj-core	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
atinject	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
atlas-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
atlas-z14	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
audit-libs-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
augeas	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
augeas-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
autoconf-archive	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
avahi-glib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bcel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bind-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
blktrace	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bluez-obexd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boom-boot	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boom-boot-conf	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boom-boot-grub2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boost-numpy3	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
boost-python3	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
brotli	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bsdtar	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bsf	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
bzip2-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
c-ares-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cdi-api	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
checkpolicy	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
conntrack-tools	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
createrepo_c-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
criu-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
criu-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
cryptsetup-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ctdb	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
cyrus-sasl-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cyrus-sasl-gs2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cyrus-sasl-ldap	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cyrus-sasl-md5	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
cyrus-sasl-ntlm	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
daxctl	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dbus-daemon	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dbus-glib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dlm-lib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dracut-caps	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dracut-live	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dtc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
dwarves	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
e2fsprogs-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
efivar	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
elfutils-debuginfod	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
elfutils-debuginfod-client-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
elfutils-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
elfutils-libelf-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
emacs-filesystem	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
evolution-data-server-doc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
evolution-data-server-perl	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
evolution-data-server-tests	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
expat-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
expect	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-all	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-all	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-amt-ws	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-amt-ws	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-apc	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-apc	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-apc-snmp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-apc-snmp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-bladecenter	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-bladecenter	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-brocade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-brocade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-cisco-mds	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-cisco-mds	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-cisco-ucs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-cisco-ucs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-drac5	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-drac5	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-eaton-snmp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-eaton-snmp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-emerson	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-emerson	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-eps	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-eps	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-heuristics-ping	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-heuristics-ping	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-hpblade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-hpblade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ibmblade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ibmblade	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ifmib	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ifmib	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-moonshot	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-moonshot	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-mp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-mp	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-ssh	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo-ssh	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo2	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ilo2	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-intelmodular	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-intelmodular	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ipdu	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ipdu	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ipmilan	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-ipmilan	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-kdump	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-kdump	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-lpar	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-lpar	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-mpath	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-mpath	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-redfish	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-redfish	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rhevm	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rhevm	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rsa	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rsa	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rsb	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-rsb	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-sbd	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-sbd	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-scsi	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-scsi	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-vmware-rest	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-vmware-rest	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-vmware-soap	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-vmware-soap	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-wti	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-wti	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-zvm	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
fence-agents-zvm	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
flite	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fontconfig	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fontconfig-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freeipmi	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freeipmi-bmc-watchdog	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freeipmi-ipmidetectd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freeipmi-ipmiseld	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
freetype-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fstrm-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
fuse-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
fuse3	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fuse3-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fuse3-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
fxload	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
galera	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gdbm	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
gdbm-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
gdisk	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gdk-pixbuf2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
geoclue2-demos	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
gettext-common-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gettext-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gfs2-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
ghostscript-doc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ghostscript-tools-dvipdf	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glib2-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glib2-doc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glib2-tests	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glibc-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glibc-gconv-extra	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
glibc-headers	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glibc-locale-source	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs-client-xlators	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs-fuse	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
glusterfs-rdma	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gmp-c++	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gmp-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnome-common	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnu-efi	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gnupg2-smime	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gobject-introspection-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
google-guice	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
google-roboto-slab-fonts	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gperf	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gpgmepp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
graphviz-doc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
graphviz-python3	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
groff	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
gsl-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
gsl-devel	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
gtkspell3	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
hamcrest	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hivex	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hivex-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
httpcomponents-client	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
httpcomponents-core	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hwloc-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
hyphen-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
icu	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
infiniband-diags	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ipset-service	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
iptables-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
iputils-ninfod	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jakarta-oro	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jansi	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jansson-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
javapackages-filesystem	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
javapackages-tools	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jcl-over-slf4j	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jdepend	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jmc-core	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
jsch	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
json-c-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
jsoup	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jsr-305	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
Judy	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
junit	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
jzlib	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kabi-dw	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kbd-legacy	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-cross-headers	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
kernel-debug-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-doc	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-headers	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
kernel-zfcpdump-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
keyutils-libs-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
krb5-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ksc	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
lcms2-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libacl-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libaio-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libappstream-glib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libasan	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libatomic_ops	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libattr-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libbabeltrace	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libblkid-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcap-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcap-ng-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcap-ng-python3	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcom_err-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libcurl-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libdatrie-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libdb-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libdwarves1	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libedit-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-fonts-common	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-mono-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-narrow-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-sans-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liberation-serif-fonts	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libev	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
libevent-doc	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libfabric	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libfdisk-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libffi-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libgcrypt-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libgomp-offload-nvptx	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libgpg-error-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-gobject	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-gobject-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-man-pages-ja	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-man-pages-uk	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libguestfs-winsupport	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libica-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libical	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libicu-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libiscsi	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libiscsi-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libiscsi-utils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libitm	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libjose-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libkeepalive	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libldb-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
liblockfile	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.1
liblsan	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libluksmeta-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmaxminddb-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmicrohttpd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libmng-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libmount-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnbd	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnbd-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libnetfilter_cthelper	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnetfilter_cttimeout	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnetfilter_queue	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnl3-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libnsl2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libocxl	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libogg-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libpmem-debug	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmemblk-debug	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmemlog-debug	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmemobj-debug	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpmempool-debug	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpng-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpsl-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libpsm2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libqb	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libqb-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
libqb-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
librabbitmq	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
librtas-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libsecret	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libsecret-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libselinux-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libsepol-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libservicelog-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libslirp-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libslirp-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libslirp-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libsoup	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstemmer	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-arcconf-plugin	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-hpsa-plugin	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-local-plugin	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-megaraid-plugin	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-smis-plugin	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libstoragemgmt-udev	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libtalloc-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtdb-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtevent-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libthai-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libtirpc-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtool-ltdl	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libtool-ltdl-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
libtool-ltdl-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libtool-ltdl-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
libtsan	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libubsan	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
liburing	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libusb	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libusbx-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libuuid-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libverto-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-client	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-config-network	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-config-nwfilter	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-interface	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-network	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-nodedev	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-nwfilter	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-secret	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-core	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-disk	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-iscsi	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-logical	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-mpath	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-daemon-driver-storage-scsi	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-dbus	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-docs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-libs	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-lock-sanlock	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libvirt-nss	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libwinpr-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libxcrypt-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libxslt	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libXxf86vm-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libzfcphbaapi-docs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
libzip-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libzip-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libzip-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libzip-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
libzstd-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lksctp-tools-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lksctp-tools-doc	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lm_sensors	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lm_sensors-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lm_sensors-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
logwatch	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lua-guestfs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
lua-posix	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lvm2-dbusd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lvm2-lockd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lynx	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lz4-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lzo-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
lzo-minilzo	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
m4	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-backup	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-common	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-embedded	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-embedded-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-embedded-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-errmsg	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-gssapi-server	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-oqgraph-engine	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-server	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-server-galera	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-server-utils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mariadb-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
maven	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
maven-lib	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
maven-resolver	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
maven-shared-utils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
maven-wagon	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
memstrack	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
memtest86+	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
mesa-libOSMesa	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mobile-broadband-provider-info	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
multilib-rpm-config	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mvapich2-psm2-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mysql-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mysql-libs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
mysql-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
nbdfuse	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
nbdkit-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
nbdkit-example-plugins	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ncurses-c++-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ncurses-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ncurses-term	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
net-snmp-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
NetworkManager-config-connectivity-redhat	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
NetworkManager-dispatcher-routing-rules	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
NetworkManager-ovs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
NetworkManager-ppp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
nginx-mod-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
nispor-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
nss_db	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ntsysv	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
numactl-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
objectweb-asm	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opa-address-resolution	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opa-basic-tools	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opa-fastfabric	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opa-fm	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opa-libopamgt	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opal-firmware	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opal-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openblas-openmp	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openblas-threads	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
opencl-headers	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
opencsd	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
OpenIPMI	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
OpenIPMI-lanserv	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
OpenIPMI-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openldap-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openssl-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openssl-perl	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
openwsman-client	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
openwsman-python3	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
openwsman-python3	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
opus-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ostree-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
owasp-java-encoder	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.2
p11-kit-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
p11-kit-server	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-cluster-libs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-cluster-libs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-libs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-libs	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-schemas	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-ResilientStorage	RHEL 9.0
pacemaker-schemas	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-HighAvailability	RHEL 9.0
pam-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pam_cifscreds	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pam_ssh_agent_auth	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
patch	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pciutils-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre-cpp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre-utf16	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre-utf32	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre2-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre2-utf16	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pcre2-utf32	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perf	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Algorithm-Diff	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Archive-Tar	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Carp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Clone	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Compress-Raw-Bzip2	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Compress-Raw-Zlib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-constant	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Data-Dumper	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Date-Manip	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-DBD-SQLite	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-DBI	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Digest-SHA1	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Errno	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Exporter	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Exporter-Tiny	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-File-Path	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-File-Temp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Getopt-Long	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-hivex	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-HTTP-Tiny	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Importer	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-interpreter	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-IO	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-IO-Compress	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-IO-String	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-IO-Zlib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-libs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-List-MoreUtils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-List-MoreUtils-XS	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-macros	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Math-Complex	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-MIME-Base64	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-MIME-Charset	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Module-Pluggable	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-Module-Runtime	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-parent	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Parse-Yapp	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-PathTools	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Escapes	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Parser	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Parser	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Parser	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Parser	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Perldoc	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Simple	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Pod-Usage	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-podlators	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Scalar-List-Utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Socket	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Storable	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Sys-CPU	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Sys-MemInfo	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Term-ANSIColor	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Term-Cap	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Term-Size-Any	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Term-Size-Perl	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Term-Table	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Text-Diff	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Text-ParseWords	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Text-Tabs+Wrap	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-threads	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-threads-shared	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Time-Local	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Unicode-LineBreak	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
perl-Unicode-Normalize	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-cipher	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-classworlds	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-containers-component-annotations	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-interpolation	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-sec-dispatcher	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plexus-utils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
plotutils	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
pmix-devel	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
policycoreutils-dbus	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
policycoreutils-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
policycoreutils-python-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
polkit-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
polkit-docs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
poppler-cpp	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
poppler-qt5	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
popt-devel	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
postfix	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-server-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-server-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-server-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-server-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
postgresql-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
powerpc-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
ppc64-diag	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
protobuf-c	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
protobuf-c-compiler	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
protobuf-c-devel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
protobuf-compiler	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
ps_mem	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
publicsuffix-list	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python-cups-doc	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-audit	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-boom	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-cffi	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-cffi	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
python3-configobj	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-cryptography	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-cryptography	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
python3-docutils	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-gobject-base	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-hivex	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-idle	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-iniconfig	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-ipatests	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-iscsi-initiator-utils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libnbd	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libproxy	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libselinux	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libsemanage	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libstoragemgmt	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-libvirt	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-oauthlib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-packaging	rhel8-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pexpect	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
python3-pluggy	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pluggy	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-ply	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-ply	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
python3-policycoreutils	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-ptyprocess	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.0
python3-pwquality	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-py	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-py	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-pycparser	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pycparser	rhel9-AppStream	rhel9-BaseOS	RHEL 9.2
python3-pygments	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pytest	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-pytest	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.2
python3-pyverbs	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-pywbem	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-requests-oauthlib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-rtslib	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-solv	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.0
python3-test	rhel8-BaseOS	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-test	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-wcwidth	rhel9-CRB	rhel9-AppStream	RHEL 9.1
python3-wheel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB	RHEL 9.0
python3-wheel-wheel	rhel8-AppStream	rhel9-CRB

Language and Page Formatting Options

Considerations in adopting RHEL 9

Key differences between RHEL 8 and RHEL 9

Making open source more inclusive

Providing feedback on Red Hat documentation

Chapter 1. Preface

Chapter 2. Architectures

Chapter 3. Repositories

Chapter 4. Application Streams

Chapter 5. Installer and image creation

5.1. Installer

5.2. Image creation

Chapter 6. Subscription management

6.1. Notable changes to subscription management

Chapter 7. Software management

7.1. Notable changes to software management

Chapter 8. Shells and command-line tools

8.1. Notable changes to system management

8.2. Notable changes to command-line tools

Chapter 9. Infrastructure services

9.1. Notable changes to infrastructure services

Chapter 10. Security

10.1. Security compliance

10.2. Crypto-policies, RHEL core cryptographic components, and protocols

10.3. SELinux

Chapter 11. Networking

11.1. Kernel

11.2. Network Types

11.3. NetworkManager

11.4. MPTCP

11.5. Firewall

11.6. Infiniband and RDMA networks

11.7. Removed functionality

Chapter 12. Kernel

12.1. Notable changes to kdump memory allocation

12.2. Notable changes to the RHEL for Real Time kernel

12.3. Notable changes to kernel

12.4. Notable changes to boot loader

Chapter 13. Hardware enablement

13.1. Unmaintained hardware support

13.2. Removed hardware support

Chapter 14. File systems and storage

14.1. File systems

14.2. Storage

Chapter 15. High availability and clusters

15.1. Notable changes to high availability and clusters

Chapter 16. Dynamic programming languages, web servers, database servers

16.1. Notable changes to dynamic programming languages, web and database servers

Chapter 17. Compilers and development tools

17.1. Notable changes to glibc

Chapter 18. Identity Management

18.1. New features

18.2. Known issues

18.3. Relocated packages

18.4. Removed functionality

Chapter 19. The web console

19.1. Changes to the RHEL web console

Chapter 20. Virtualization

20.1. Notable changes to KVM

20.2. Notable changes to libvirt

20.3. Notable changes to QEMU

20.4. Notable changes to SPICE

Chapter 21. Containers

21.1. Notable changes to containers

Chapter 22. Desktop

22.1. Notable changes to desktop

Chapter 23. Edge

23.1. RHEL for Edge

Chapter 24. Performance

24.1. Notable changes to performance

Chapter 25. System roles

25.1. Performing system administration tasks with RHEL System Roles

Appendix A. Changes to packages

A.1. New packages

A.2. Package replacements

A.3. Moved packages