Jump To Close Expand all Collapse all Table of contents Reference Guide Introduction Expand section "Introduction" Collapse section "Introduction" 1. Changes To This Manual 2. Finding Appropriate Documentation Expand section "2. Finding Appropriate Documentation" Collapse section "2. Finding Appropriate Documentation" 2.1. Documentation For First-Time Linux Users Expand section "2.1. Documentation For First-Time Linux Users" Collapse section "2.1. Documentation For First-Time Linux Users" 2.1.1. Introduction to Linux Websites 2.1.2. Introduction to Linux Newsgroups 2.2. For the More Experienced 2.3. Documentation for Linux Gurus 3. More to Come Expand section "3. More to Come" Collapse section "3. More to Come" 3.1. We Need Feedback! I. System Reference Expand section "I. System Reference" Collapse section "I. System Reference" 1. Boot Process, Init, and Shutdown Expand section "1. Boot Process, Init, and Shutdown" Collapse section "1. Boot Process, Init, and Shutdown" 1.1. The Boot Process 1.2. A Detailed Look at the Boot Process Expand section "1.2. A Detailed Look at the Boot Process" Collapse section "1.2. A Detailed Look at the Boot Process" 1.2.1. The BIOS 1.2.2. The Boot Loader Expand section "1.2.2. The Boot Loader" Collapse section "1.2.2. The Boot Loader" 1.2.2.1. Boot Loaders for Other Architectures 1.2.3. The Kernel 1.2.4. The /sbin/init Program 1.3. Running Additional Programs at Boot Time 1.4. SysV Init Runlevels Expand section "1.4. SysV Init Runlevels" Collapse section "1.4. SysV Init Runlevels" 1.4.1. Runlevels 1.4.2. Runlevel Utilities 1.5. Shutting Down 2. The GRUB Boot Loader Expand section "2. The GRUB Boot Loader" Collapse section "2. The GRUB Boot Loader" 2.1. Boot Loaders and System Architecture 2.2. GRUB Expand section "2.2. GRUB" Collapse section "2.2. GRUB" 2.2.1. GRUB and the x86 Boot Process 2.2.2. Features of GRUB 2.3. Installing GRUB 2.4. GRUB Terminology Expand section "2.4. GRUB Terminology" Collapse section "2.4. GRUB Terminology" 2.4.1. Device Names 2.4.2. File Names and Blocklists 2.4.3. The Root File System and GRUB 2.5. GRUB Interfaces Expand section "2.5. GRUB Interfaces" Collapse section "2.5. GRUB Interfaces" 2.5.1. Interfaces Load Order 2.6. GRUB Commands 2.7. GRUB Menu Configuration File Expand section "2.7. GRUB Menu Configuration File" Collapse section "2.7. GRUB Menu Configuration File" 2.7.1. Configuration File Structure 2.7.2. Configuration File Directives 2.8. Changing Runlevels at Boot Time 2.9. Additional Resources Expand section "2.9. Additional Resources" Collapse section "2.9. Additional Resources" 2.9.1. Installed Documentation 2.9.2. Useful Websites 2.9.3. Related Books 3. File System Structure Expand section "3. File System Structure" Collapse section "3. File System Structure" 3.1. Why Share a Common Structure? 3.2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS) Expand section "3.2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS)" Collapse section "3.2. Overview of File System Hierarchy Standard (FHS)" 3.2.1. FHS Organization Expand section "3.2.1. FHS Organization" Collapse section "3.2.1. FHS Organization" 3.2.1.1. The /boot/ Directory 3.2.1.2. The /dev/ Directory 3.2.1.3. The /etc/ Directory 3.2.1.4. The /lib/ Directory 3.2.1.5. The /media/ Directory 3.2.1.6. The /mnt/ Directory 3.2.1.7. The /opt/ Directory 3.2.1.8. The /proc/ Directory 3.2.1.9. The /sbin/ Directory 3.2.1.10. The /srv/ Directory 3.2.1.11. The /sys/ Directory 3.2.1.12. The /usr/ Directory 3.2.1.13. The /usr/local/ Directory 3.2.1.14. The /var/ Directory 3.3. Special File Locations Under Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4. The sysconfig Directory Expand section "4. The sysconfig Directory" Collapse section "4. The sysconfig Directory" 4.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory Expand section "4.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory" Collapse section "4.1. Files in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory" 4.1.1. /etc/sysconfig/amd 4.1.2. /etc/sysconfig/apmd 4.1.3. /etc/sysconfig/arpwatch 4.1.4. /etc/sysconfig/authconfig 4.1.5. /etc/sysconfig/autofs 4.1.6. /etc/sysconfig/clock 4.1.7. /etc/sysconfig/desktop 4.1.8. /etc/sysconfig/devlabel 4.1.9. /etc/sysconfig/dhcpd 4.1.10. /etc/sysconfig/exim 4.1.11. /etc/sysconfig/firstboot 4.1.12. /etc/sysconfig/gpm 4.1.13. /etc/sysconfig/harddisks 4.1.14. /etc/sysconfig/hwconf 4.1.15. /etc/sysconfig/i18n 4.1.16. /etc/sysconfig/init 4.1.17. /etc/sysconfig/ip6tables-config 4.1.18. /etc/sysconfig/iptables-config 4.1.19. /etc/sysconfig/irda 4.1.20. /etc/sysconfig/keyboard 4.1.21. /etc/sysconfig/kudzu 4.1.22. /etc/sysconfig/mouse 4.1.23. /etc/sysconfig/named 4.1.24. /etc/sysconfig/netdump 4.1.25. /etc/sysconfig/network 4.1.26. /etc/sysconfig/ntpd 4.1.27. /etc/sysconfig/pcmcia 4.1.28. /etc/sysconfig/radvd 4.1.29. /etc/sysconfig/rawdevices 4.1.30. /etc/sysconfig/samba 4.1.31. /etc/sysconfig/selinux 4.1.32. /etc/sysconfig/sendmail 4.1.33. /etc/sysconfig/spamassassin 4.1.34. /etc/sysconfig/squid 4.1.35. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-securitylevel 4.1.36. /etc/sysconfig/system-config-users 4.1.37. /etc/sysconfig/system-logviewer 4.1.38. /etc/sysconfig/tux 4.1.39. /etc/sysconfig/vncservers 4.1.40. /etc/sysconfig/xinetd 4.2. Directories in the /etc/sysconfig/ Directory 4.3. Additional Resources Expand section "4.3. Additional Resources" Collapse section "4.3. Additional Resources" 4.3.1. Installed Documentation 5. The proc File System Expand section "5. The proc File System" Collapse section "5. The proc File System" 5.1. A Virtual File System Expand section "5.1. A Virtual File System" Collapse section "5.1. A Virtual File System" 5.1.1. Viewing Virtual Files 5.1.2. Changing Virtual Files 5.2. Top-level Files within the proc File System Expand section "5.2. Top-level Files within the proc File System" Collapse section "5.2. Top-level Files within the proc File System" 5.2.1. /proc/apm 5.2.2. /proc/buddyinfo 5.2.3. /proc/cmdline 5.2.4. /proc/cpuinfo 5.2.5. /proc/crypto 5.2.6. /proc/devices 5.2.7. /proc/dma 5.2.8. /proc/execdomains 5.2.9. /proc/fb 5.2.10. /proc/filesystems 5.2.11. /proc/interrupts 5.2.12. /proc/iomem 5.2.13. /proc/ioports 5.2.14. /proc/kcore 5.2.15. /proc/kmsg 5.2.16. /proc/loadavg 5.2.17. /proc/locks 5.2.18. /proc/mdstat 5.2.19. /proc/meminfo 5.2.20. /proc/misc 5.2.21. /proc/modules 5.2.22. /proc/mounts 5.2.23. /proc/mtrr 5.2.24. /proc/partitions 5.2.25. /proc/pci 5.2.26. /proc/slabinfo 5.2.27. /proc/stat 5.2.28. /proc/swaps 5.2.29. /proc/sysrq-trigger 5.2.30. /proc/uptime 5.2.31. /proc/version 5.3. Directories within /proc/ Expand section "5.3. Directories within /proc/" Collapse section "5.3. Directories within /proc/" 5.3.1. Process Directories Expand section "5.3.1. Process Directories" Collapse section "5.3.1. Process Directories" 5.3.1.1. /proc/self/ 5.3.2. /proc/bus/ 5.3.3. /proc/driver/ 5.3.4. /proc/fs 5.3.5. /proc/ide/ Expand section "5.3.5. /proc/ide/" Collapse section "5.3.5. /proc/ide/" 5.3.5.1. Device Directories 5.3.6. /proc/irq/ 5.3.7. /proc/net/ 5.3.8. /proc/scsi/ 5.3.9. /proc/sys/ Expand section "5.3.9. /proc/sys/" Collapse section "5.3.9. /proc/sys/" 5.3.9.1. /proc/sys/dev/ 5.3.9.2. /proc/sys/fs/ 5.3.9.3. /proc/sys/kernel/ 5.3.9.4. /proc/sys/net/ 5.3.9.5. /proc/sys/vm/ 5.3.10. /proc/sysvipc/ 5.3.11. /proc/tty/ 5.4. Using the sysctl Command 5.5. Additional Resources Expand section "5.5. Additional Resources" Collapse section "5.5. Additional Resources" 5.5.1. Installed Documentation 5.5.2. Useful Websites 6. Users and Groups Expand section "6. Users and Groups" Collapse section "6. Users and Groups" 6.1. User and Group Management Tools 6.2. Standard Users 6.3. Standard Groups 6.4. User Private Groups Expand section "6.4. User Private Groups" Collapse section "6.4. User Private Groups" 6.4.1. Group Directories 6.5. Shadow Passwords 6.6. Additional Resources Expand section "6.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "6.6. Additional Resources" 6.6.1. Installed Documentation 6.6.2. Related Books 7. The X Window System Expand section "7. The X Window System" Collapse section "7. The X Window System" 7.1. The X11R6.8 Release 7.2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers Expand section "7.2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers" Collapse section "7.2. Desktop Environments and Window Managers" 7.2.1. Desktop Environments 7.2.2. Window Managers 7.3. X Server Configuration Files Expand section "7.3. X Server Configuration Files" Collapse section "7.3. X Server Configuration Files" 7.3.1. xorg.conf Expand section "7.3.1. xorg.conf" Collapse section "7.3.1. xorg.conf" 7.3.1.1. The Structure 7.3.1.2. ServerFlags 7.3.1.3. ServerLayout 7.3.1.4. Files 7.3.1.5. Module 7.3.1.6. InputDevice 7.3.1.7. Monitor 7.3.1.8. Device 7.3.1.9. Screen 7.3.1.10. DRI 7.4. Fonts Expand section "7.4. Fonts" Collapse section "7.4. Fonts" 7.4.1. Fontconfig Expand section "7.4.1. Fontconfig" Collapse section "7.4.1. Fontconfig" 7.4.1.1. Adding Fonts to Fontconfig 7.4.2. Core X Font System Expand section "7.4.2. Core X Font System" Collapse section "7.4.2. Core X Font System" 7.4.2.1. xfs Configuration 7.4.2.2. Adding Fonts to xfs 7.5. Runlevels and X Expand section "7.5. Runlevels and X" Collapse section "7.5. Runlevels and X" 7.5.1. Runlevel 3 7.5.2. Runlevel 5 7.6. Additional Resources Expand section "7.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "7.6. Additional Resources" 7.6.1. Installed Documentation 7.6.2. Useful Websites 7.6.3. Related Books II. Network Services Reference Expand section "II. Network Services Reference" Collapse section "II. Network Services Reference" 8. Network Interfaces Expand section "8. Network Interfaces" Collapse section "8. Network Interfaces" 8.1. Network Configuration Files 8.2. Interface Configuration Files Expand section "8.2. Interface Configuration Files" Collapse section "8.2. Interface Configuration Files" 8.2.1. Ethernet Interfaces 8.2.2. IPsec Interfaces 8.2.3. Channel Bonding Interfaces 8.2.4. Alias and Clone Files 8.2.5. Dialup Interfaces 8.2.6. Other Interfaces 8.3. Interface Control Scripts 8.4. Network Function Files 8.5. Additional Resources Expand section "8.5. Additional Resources" Collapse section "8.5. Additional Resources" 8.5.1. Installed Documentation 9. Network File System (NFS) Expand section "9. Network File System (NFS)" Collapse section "9. Network File System (NFS)" 9.1. How It Works Expand section "9.1. How It Works" Collapse section "9.1. How It Works" 9.1.1. Required Services 9.1.2. NFS and portmap Expand section "9.1.2. NFS and portmap" Collapse section "9.1.2. NFS and portmap" 9.1.2.1. Troubleshooting NFS and portmap 9.2. Starting and Stopping NFS 9.3. NFS Server Configuration Expand section "9.3. NFS Server Configuration" Collapse section "9.3. NFS Server Configuration" 9.3.1. The /etc/exports Configuration File 9.3.2. The exportfs Command Expand section "9.3.2. The exportfs Command" Collapse section "9.3.2. The exportfs Command" 9.3.2.1. Using exportfs with NFSv4 9.4. NFS Client Configuration Files Expand section "9.4. NFS Client Configuration Files" Collapse section "9.4. NFS Client Configuration Files" 9.4.1. /etc/fstab 9.4.2. autofs 9.4.3. Common NFS Mount Options 9.5. Securing NFS Expand section "9.5. Securing NFS" Collapse section "9.5. Securing NFS" 9.5.1. Host Access Expand section "9.5.1. Host Access" Collapse section "9.5.1. Host Access" 9.5.1.1. Using NFSv2 or NFSv3 9.5.1.2. Using NFSv4 9.5.2. File Permissions 9.6. Additional Resources Expand section "9.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "9.6. Additional Resources" 9.6.1. Installed Documentation 9.6.2. Useful Websites 9.6.3. Related Books 10. Apache HTTP Server Expand section "10. Apache HTTP Server" Collapse section "10. Apache HTTP Server" 10.1. Apache HTTP Server 2.0 Expand section "10.1. Apache HTTP Server 2.0" Collapse section "10.1. Apache HTTP Server 2.0" 10.1.1. Features of Apache HTTP Server 2.0 10.1.2. Packaging Changes in Apache HTTP Server 2.0 10.1.3. File System Changes in Apache HTTP Server 2.0 10.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files Expand section "10.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files" Collapse section "10.2. Migrating Apache HTTP Server 1.3 Configuration Files" 10.2.1. Global Environment Configuration Expand section "10.2.1. Global Environment Configuration" Collapse section "10.2.1. Global Environment Configuration" 10.2.1.1. Interface and Port Binding 10.2.1.2. Server-Pool Size Regulation 10.2.1.3. Dynamic Shared Object (DSO) Support 10.2.1.4. Other Global Environment Changes 10.2.2. Main Server Configuration Expand section "10.2.2. Main Server Configuration" Collapse section "10.2.2. Main Server Configuration" 10.2.2.1. UserDir Mapping 10.2.2.2. Logging 10.2.2.3. Directory Indexing 10.2.2.4. Content Negotiation 10.2.2.5. Error Documents 10.2.3. Virtual Host Configuration 10.2.4. Modules and Apache HTTP Server 2.0 Expand section "10.2.4. Modules and Apache HTTP Server 2.0" Collapse section "10.2.4. Modules and Apache HTTP Server 2.0" 10.2.4.1. The suexec Module 10.2.4.2. The mod_ssl Module 10.2.4.3. The mod_proxy Module 10.2.4.4. The mod_include Module 10.2.4.5. The mod_auth_dbm and mod_auth_db Modules 10.2.4.6. The mod_perl Module 10.2.4.7. The mod_python Module 10.2.4.8. PHP 10.2.4.9. The mod_authz_ldap Module 10.3. After Installation 10.4. Starting and Stopping httpd 10.5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf Expand section "10.5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf" Collapse section "10.5. Configuration Directives in httpd.conf" 10.5.1. General Configuration Tips 10.5.2. ServerRoot 10.5.3. PidFile 10.5.4. Timeout 10.5.5. KeepAlive 10.5.6. MaxKeepAliveRequests 10.5.7. KeepAliveTimeout 10.5.8. IfModule 10.5.9. MPM Specific Server-Pool Directives Expand section "10.5.9. MPM Specific Server-Pool Directives" Collapse section "10.5.9. MPM Specific Server-Pool Directives" 10.5.9.1. StartServers 10.5.9.2. MaxRequestsPerChild 10.5.9.3. MaxClients 10.5.9.4. MinSpareServers and MaxSpareServers 10.5.9.5. MinSpareThreads and MaxSpareThreads 10.5.9.6. ThreadsPerChild 10.5.10. Listen 10.5.11. Include 10.5.12. LoadModule 10.5.13. ExtendedStatus 10.5.14. IfDefine 10.5.15. SuexecUserGroup 10.5.16. User 10.5.17. Group 10.5.18. ServerAdmin 10.5.19. ServerName 10.5.20. UseCanonicalName 10.5.21. DocumentRoot 10.5.22. Directory 10.5.23. Options 10.5.24. AllowOverride 10.5.25. Order 10.5.26. Allow 10.5.27. Deny 10.5.28. UserDir 10.5.29. DirectoryIndex 10.5.30. AccessFileName 10.5.31. CacheNegotiatedDocs 10.5.32. TypesConfig 10.5.33. DefaultType 10.5.34. HostnameLookups 10.5.35. ErrorLog 10.5.36. LogLevel 10.5.37. LogFormat 10.5.38. CustomLog 10.5.39. ServerSignature 10.5.40. Alias 10.5.41. ScriptAlias 10.5.42. Redirect 10.5.43. IndexOptions 10.5.44. AddIconByEncoding 10.5.45. AddIconByType 10.5.46. AddIcon 10.5.47. DefaultIcon 10.5.48. AddDescription 10.5.49. ReadmeName 10.5.50. HeaderName 10.5.51. IndexIgnore 10.5.52. AddEncoding 10.5.53. AddLanguage 10.5.54. LanguagePriority 10.5.55. AddType 10.5.56. AddHandler 10.5.57. Action 10.5.58. ErrorDocument 10.5.59. BrowserMatch 10.5.60. Location 10.5.61. ProxyRequests 10.5.62. Proxy 10.5.63. Cache Directives 10.5.64. NameVirtualHost 10.5.65. VirtualHost 10.5.66. Configuration Directives for SSL Expand section "10.5.66. Configuration Directives for SSL" Collapse section "10.5.66. Configuration Directives for SSL" 10.5.66.1. SetEnvIf 10.6. Default Modules 10.7. Adding Modules 10.8. Virtual Hosts Expand section "10.8. Virtual Hosts" Collapse section "10.8. Virtual Hosts" 10.8.1. Setting Up Virtual Hosts 10.8.2. The Secure Web Server Virtual Host 10.9. Additional Resources Expand section "10.9. Additional Resources" Collapse section "10.9. Additional Resources" 10.9.1. Useful Websites 10.9.2. Related Books 11. Email Expand section "11. Email" Collapse section "11. Email" 11.1. Email Protocols Expand section "11.1. Email Protocols" Collapse section "11.1. Email Protocols" 11.1.1. Mail Transport Protocols Expand section "11.1.1. Mail Transport Protocols" Collapse section "11.1.1. Mail Transport Protocols" 11.1.1.1. SMTP 11.1.2. Mail Access Protocols Expand section "11.1.2. Mail Access Protocols" Collapse section "11.1.2. Mail Access Protocols" 11.1.2.1. POP 11.1.2.2. IMAP 11.2. Email Program Classifications Expand section "11.2. Email Program Classifications" Collapse section "11.2. Email Program Classifications" 11.2.1. Mail Transfer Agent 11.2.2. Mail Delivery Agent 11.2.3. Mail User Agent 11.3. Mail Transport Agents Expand section "11.3. Mail Transport Agents" Collapse section "11.3. Mail Transport Agents" 11.3.1. Sendmail Expand section "11.3.1. Sendmail" Collapse section "11.3.1. Sendmail" 11.3.1.1. Purpose and Limitations 11.3.1.2. The Default Sendmail Installation 11.3.1.3. Common Sendmail Configuration Changes 11.3.1.4. Masquerading 11.3.1.5. Stopping Spam 11.3.1.6. Using Sendmail with LDAP 11.3.2. Postfix Expand section "11.3.2. Postfix" Collapse section "11.3.2. Postfix" 11.3.2.1. The Default Postfix Installation 11.3.2.2. Basic Postfix Configuration 11.3.3. Fetchmail Expand section "11.3.3. Fetchmail" Collapse section "11.3.3. Fetchmail" 11.3.3.1. Fetchmail Configuration Options 11.3.3.2. Global Options 11.3.3.3. Server Options 11.3.3.4. User Options 11.3.3.5. Fetchmail Command Options 11.3.3.6. Informational or Debugging Options 11.3.3.7. Special Options 11.4. Mail Delivery Agents Expand section "11.4. Mail Delivery Agents" Collapse section "11.4. Mail Delivery Agents" 11.4.1. Procmail Configuration 11.4.2. Procmail Recipes Expand section "11.4.2. Procmail Recipes" Collapse section "11.4.2. Procmail Recipes" 11.4.2.1. Delivering vs. Non-Delivering Recipes 11.4.2.2. Flags 11.4.2.3. Specifying a Local Lockfile 11.4.2.4. Special Conditions and Actions 11.4.2.5. Recipe Examples 11.4.2.6. Spam Filters 11.5. Mail User Agents Expand section "11.5. Mail User Agents" Collapse section "11.5. Mail User Agents" 11.5.1. Securing Communication Expand section "11.5.1. Securing Communication" Collapse section "11.5.1. Securing Communication" 11.5.1.1. Secure Email Clients 11.5.1.2. Securing Email Client Communications 11.6. Additional Resources Expand section "11.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "11.6. Additional Resources" 11.6.1. Installed Documentation 11.6.2. Useful Websites 11.6.3. Related Books 12. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND) Expand section "12. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND)" Collapse section "12. Berkeley Internet Name Domain (BIND)" 12.1. Introduction to DNS Expand section "12.1. Introduction to DNS" Collapse section "12.1. Introduction to DNS" 12.1.1. Nameserver Zones 12.1.2. Nameserver Types 12.1.3. BIND as a Nameserver 12.2. /etc/named.conf Expand section "12.2. /etc/named.conf" Collapse section "12.2. /etc/named.conf" 12.2.1. Common Statement Types Expand section "12.2.1. Common Statement Types" Collapse section "12.2.1. Common Statement Types" 12.2.1.1. acl Statement 12.2.1.2. include Statement 12.2.1.3. options Statement 12.2.1.4. zone Statement 12.2.1.5. Sample zone Statements 12.2.2. Other Statement Types 12.2.3. Comment Tags 12.3. Zone Files Expand section "12.3. Zone Files" Collapse section "12.3. Zone Files" 12.3.1. Zone File Directives 12.3.2. Zone File Resource Records 12.3.3. Example Zone File 12.3.4. Reverse Name Resolution Zone Files 12.4. Using rndc Expand section "12.4. Using rndc" Collapse section "12.4. Using rndc" 12.4.1. Configuring /etc/named.conf 12.4.2. Configuring /etc/rndc.conf 12.4.3. Command Line Options 12.5. Advanced Features of BIND Expand section "12.5. Advanced Features of BIND" Collapse section "12.5. Advanced Features of BIND" 12.5.1. DNS Protocol Enhancements 12.5.2. Multiple Views 12.5.3. Security 12.5.4. IP version 6 12.6. Common Mistakes to Avoid 12.7. Additional Resources Expand section "12.7. Additional Resources" Collapse section "12.7. Additional Resources" 12.7.1. Installed Documentation 12.7.2. Useful Websites 12.7.3. Related Books 13. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP) Expand section "13. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)" Collapse section "13. Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)" 13.1. Why Use LDAP? Expand section "13.1. Why Use LDAP?" Collapse section "13.1. Why Use LDAP?" 13.1.1. OpenLDAP Features 13.2. LDAP Terminology 13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities Expand section "13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities" Collapse section "13.3. OpenLDAP Daemons and Utilities" 13.3.1. NSS, PAM, and LDAP 13.3.2. PHP4, LDAP, and the Apache HTTP Server 13.3.3. LDAP Client Applications 13.4. OpenLDAP Configuration Files 13.5. The /etc/openldap/schema/ Directory 13.6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview Expand section "13.6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview" Collapse section "13.6. OpenLDAP Setup Overview" 13.6.1. Editing /etc/openldap/slapd.conf 13.7. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP Expand section "13.7. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP" Collapse section "13.7. Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP" 13.7.1. PAM and LDAP 13.7.2. Migrating Old Authentication Information to LDAP Format 13.8. Migrating Directories from Earlier Releases 13.9. Additional Resources Expand section "13.9. Additional Resources" Collapse section "13.9. Additional Resources" 13.9.1. Installed Documentation 13.9.2. Useful Websites 13.9.3. Related Books 14. Samba Expand section "14. Samba" Collapse section "14. Samba" 14.1. Introduction to Samba Expand section "14.1. Introduction to Samba" Collapse section "14.1. Introduction to Samba" 14.1.1. Samba Features 14.2. Samba Daemons and Related Services Expand section "14.2. Samba Daemons and Related Services" Collapse section "14.2. Samba Daemons and Related Services" 14.2.1. Daemon Overview Expand section "14.2.1. Daemon Overview" Collapse section "14.2.1. Daemon Overview" 14.2.1.1. The smbd daemon 14.2.1.2. The nmbd daemon 14.2.1.3. The winbindd daemon 14.2.2. Starting and Stopping Samba 14.3. Samba Server Types and the smb.conf File Expand section "14.3. Samba Server Types and the smb.conf File " Collapse section "14.3. Samba Server Types and the smb.conf File " 14.3.1. Stand-alone Server Expand section "14.3.1. Stand-alone Server" Collapse section "14.3.1. Stand-alone Server" 14.3.1.1. Anonymous Read-Only 14.3.1.2. Anonymous Read/Write 14.3.1.3. Anonymous Print Server 14.3.1.4. Secure Read/Write File and Print Server 14.3.2. Domain Member Server Expand section "14.3.2. Domain Member Server" Collapse section "14.3.2. Domain Member Server" 14.3.2.1. Active Directory Domain Member Server 14.3.2.2. Windows NT4-based Domain Member Server 14.3.3. Domain Controller Expand section "14.3.3. Domain Controller" Collapse section "14.3.3. Domain Controller" 14.3.3.1. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) using tdbsam 14.3.3.2. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) using LDAP 14.3.3.3. Backup Domain Controller (BDC) using LDAP 14.3.3.4. Primary Domain Controller (PDC) with Active Directory 14.4. Samba Security Modes Expand section "14.4. Samba Security Modes " Collapse section "14.4. Samba Security Modes " 14.4.1. User-Level Security 14.4.2. Share-Level Security 14.4.3. Domain Security Mode (User-Level Security) 14.4.4. Active Directory Security Mode (User-Level Security) 14.4.5. Server Security Mode (User-Level Security) 14.5. Samba Account Information Databases Expand section "14.5. Samba Account Information Databases " Collapse section "14.5. Samba Account Information Databases " 14.5.1. Backward Compatible Backends 14.5.2. New Backends 14.6. Samba Network Browsing Expand section "14.6. Samba Network Browsing " Collapse section "14.6. Samba Network Browsing " 14.6.1. Workgroup Browsing 14.6.2. Domain Browsing 14.6.3. WINS (Windows Internetworking Name Server) 14.7. Samba with CUPS Printing Support Expand section "14.7. Samba with CUPS Printing Support " Collapse section "14.7. Samba with CUPS Printing Support " 14.7.1. Simple smb.conf Settings 14.8. Samba Distribution Programs Expand section "14.8. Samba Distribution Programs " Collapse section "14.8. Samba Distribution Programs " 14.8.1. findsmb 14.8.2. make_smbcodepage 14.8.3. make_unicodemap 14.8.4. net 14.8.5. nmblookup 14.8.6. pdbedit 14.8.7. rpcclient 14.8.8. smbcacls 14.8.9. smbclient 14.8.10. smbcontrol 14.8.11. smbgroupedit 14.8.12. smbmount 14.8.13. smbpasswd 14.8.14. smbspool 14.8.15. smbstatus 14.8.16. smbtar 14.8.17. testparm 14.8.18. testprns 14.8.19. wbinfo 14.9. Additional Resources Expand section "14.9. Additional Resources " Collapse section "14.9. Additional Resources " 14.9.1. Installed Documentation 14.9.2. Red Hat Documentation 14.9.3. Related Books 14.9.4. Useful Websites 15. FTP Expand section "15. FTP" Collapse section "15. FTP" 15.1. The File Transport Protocol Expand section "15.1. The File Transport Protocol" Collapse section "15.1. The File Transport Protocol" 15.1.1. Multiple Ports, Multiple Modes 15.2. FTP Servers Expand section "15.2. FTP Servers" Collapse section "15.2. FTP Servers" 15.2.1. vsftpd 15.3. Files Installed with vsftpd 15.4. Starting and Stopping vsftpd Expand section "15.4. Starting and Stopping vsftpd" Collapse section "15.4. Starting and Stopping vsftpd" 15.4.1. Starting Multiple Copies of vsftpd 15.5. vsftpd Configuration Options Expand section "15.5. vsftpd Configuration Options" Collapse section "15.5. vsftpd Configuration Options" 15.5.1. Daemon Options 15.5.2. Log In Options and Access Controls 15.5.3. Anonymous User Options 15.5.4. Local User Options 15.5.5. Directory Options 15.5.6. File Transfer Options 15.5.7. Logging Options 15.5.8. Network Options 15.6. Additional Resources Expand section "15.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "15.6. Additional Resources" 15.6.1. Installed Documentation 15.6.2. Useful Websites 15.6.3. Related Books III. Security Reference Expand section "III. Security Reference" Collapse section "III. Security Reference" 16. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM) Expand section "16. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" Collapse section "16. Pluggable Authentication Modules (PAM)" 16.1. Advantages of PAM 16.2. PAM Configuration Files Expand section "16.2. PAM Configuration Files" Collapse section "16.2. PAM Configuration Files" 16.2.1. PAM Service Files 16.3. PAM Configuration File Format Expand section "16.3. PAM Configuration File Format" Collapse section "16.3. PAM Configuration File Format" 16.3.1. Module Interface Expand section "16.3.1. Module Interface" Collapse section "16.3.1. Module Interface" 16.3.1.1. Stacking Module Interfaces 16.3.2. Control Flag 16.3.3. Module Name 16.3.4. Module Arguments 16.4. Sample PAM Configuration Files 16.5. Creating PAM Modules 16.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching Expand section "16.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" Collapse section "16.6. PAM and Administrative Credential Caching" 16.6.1. Removing the Timestamp File 16.6.2. Common pam_timestamp Directives 16.7. PAM and Device Ownership Expand section "16.7. PAM and Device Ownership" Collapse section "16.7. PAM and Device Ownership" 16.7.1. Device Ownership 16.7.2. Application Access 16.8. Additional Resources Expand section "16.8. Additional Resources" Collapse section "16.8. Additional Resources" 16.8.1. Installed Documentation 16.8.2. Useful Websites 17. TCP Wrappers and xinetd Expand section "17. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" Collapse section "17. TCP Wrappers and xinetd" 17.1. TCP Wrappers Expand section "17.1. TCP Wrappers" Collapse section "17.1. TCP Wrappers" 17.1.1. Advantages of TCP Wrappers 17.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files Expand section "17.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" Collapse section "17.2. TCP Wrappers Configuration Files" 17.2.1. Formatting Access Rules Expand section "17.2.1. Formatting Access Rules" Collapse section "17.2.1. Formatting Access Rules" 17.2.1.1. Wildcards 17.2.1.2. Patterns 17.2.1.3. Portmap and TCP Wrappers 17.2.1.4. Operators 17.2.2. Option Fields Expand section "17.2.2. Option Fields" Collapse section "17.2.2. Option Fields" 17.2.2.1. Logging 17.2.2.2. Access Control 17.2.2.3. Shell Commands 17.2.2.4. Expansions 17.3. xinetd 17.4. xinetd Configuration Files Expand section "17.4. xinetd Configuration Files" Collapse section "17.4. xinetd Configuration Files" 17.4.1. The /etc/xinetd.conf File 17.4.2. The /etc/xinetd.d/ Directory 17.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files Expand section "17.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" Collapse section "17.4.3. Altering xinetd Configuration Files" 17.4.3.1. Logging Options 17.4.3.2. Access Control Options 17.4.3.3. Binding and Redirection Options 17.4.3.4. Resource Management Options 17.5. Additional Resources Expand section "17.5. Additional Resources" Collapse section "17.5. Additional Resources" 17.5.1. Installed Documentation 17.5.2. Useful Websites 17.5.3. Related Books 18. iptables Expand section "18. iptables" Collapse section "18. iptables" 18.1. Packet Filtering 18.2. Differences between iptables and ipchains 18.3. Options Used within iptables Commands Expand section "18.3. Options Used within iptables Commands" Collapse section "18.3. Options Used within iptables Commands" 18.3.1. Structure of iptables Options 18.3.2. Command Options 18.3.3. iptables Parameter Options 18.3.4. iptables Match Options Expand section "18.3.4. iptables Match Options" Collapse section "18.3.4. iptables Match Options" 18.3.4.1. TCP Protocol 18.3.4.2. UDP Protocol 18.3.4.3. ICMP Protocol 18.3.4.4. Additional Match Option Modules 18.3.5. Target Options 18.3.6. Listing Options 18.4. Saving iptables Rules 18.5. iptables Control Scripts Expand section "18.5. iptables Control Scripts" Collapse section "18.5. iptables Control Scripts" 18.5.1. iptables Control Scripts Configuration File 18.6. ip6tables and IPv6 18.7. Additional Resources Expand section "18.7. Additional Resources" Collapse section "18.7. Additional Resources" 18.7.1. Installed Documentation 18.7.2. Useful Websites 19. Kerberos Expand section "19. Kerberos" Collapse section "19. Kerberos" 19.1. What is Kerberos? Expand section "19.1. What is Kerberos?" Collapse section "19.1. What is Kerberos?" 19.1.1. Advantages of Kerberos 19.1.2. Disadvantages of Kerberos 19.2. Kerberos Terminology 19.3. How Kerberos Works 19.4. Kerberos and PAM 19.5. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Server 19.6. Configuring a Kerberos 5 Client 19.7. Additional Resources Expand section "19.7. Additional Resources" Collapse section "19.7. Additional Resources" 19.7.1. Installed Documentation 19.7.2. Useful Websites 20. SSH Protocol Expand section "20. SSH Protocol" Collapse section "20. SSH Protocol" 20.1. Features of SSH Expand section "20.1. Features of SSH" Collapse section "20.1. Features of SSH" 20.1.1. Why Use SSH? 20.2. SSH Protocol Versions 20.3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection Expand section "20.3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection" Collapse section "20.3. Event Sequence of an SSH Connection" 20.3.1. Transport Layer 20.3.2. Authentication 20.3.3. Channels 20.4. OpenSSH Configuration Files 20.5. More Than a Secure Shell Expand section "20.5. More Than a Secure Shell" Collapse section "20.5. More Than a Secure Shell" 20.5.1. X11 Forwarding 20.5.2. Port Forwarding 20.6. Requiring SSH for Remote Connections 20.7. Additional Resources Expand section "20.7. Additional Resources" Collapse section "20.7. Additional Resources" 20.7.1. Installed Documentation 20.7.2. Useful Websites 20.7.3. Related Books 21. SELinux Expand section "21. SELinux" Collapse section "21. SELinux" 21.1. Introduction to SELinux 21.2. Files Related to SELinux Expand section "21.2. Files Related to SELinux" Collapse section "21.2. Files Related to SELinux" 21.2.1. The /selinux/ Pseudo-File System 21.2.2. SELinux Configuration Files Expand section "21.2.2. SELinux Configuration Files" Collapse section "21.2.2. SELinux Configuration Files" 21.2.2.1. The /etc/sysconfig/selinux Configuration File 21.2.2.2. The /etc/selinux/ Directory 21.2.3. SELinux Utilities 21.3. Additional Resources Expand section "21.3. Additional Resources " Collapse section "21.3. Additional Resources " 21.3.1. Installed Documentation 21.3.2. Red Hat Documentation 21.3.3. Useful Websites IV. Appendixes Expand section "IV. Appendixes" Collapse section "IV. Appendixes" 22. General Parameters and Modules Expand section "22. General Parameters and Modules" Collapse section "22. General Parameters and Modules" 22.1. Kernel Module Utilities 22.2. Persistent Module Loading 22.3. Specifying Module Parameters 22.4. Storage parameters 22.5. Ethernet Parameters Expand section "22.5. Ethernet Parameters" Collapse section "22.5. Ethernet Parameters" 22.5.1. Using Multiple Ethernet Cards 22.5.2. The Channel Bonding Module Expand section "22.5.2. The Channel Bonding Module" Collapse section "22.5.2. The Channel Bonding Module" 22.5.2.1. bonding Module Directives 22.6. Additional Resources Expand section "22.6. Additional Resources" Collapse section "22.6. Additional Resources" 22.6.1. Installed Documentation 22.6.2. Useful Websites A. Revision History Index Legal Notice Settings Close Language: English Format: Multi-page Single-page PDF Format: Multi-page Single-page PDF Language and Page Formatting Options Language: English Format: Multi-page Single-page PDF Format: Multi-page Single-page PDF 10.5.35. ErrorLog ErrorLog specifies the file where server errors are logged. By default, this directive is set to /var/log/httpd/error_log. Previous Next
