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实例的自动扩展
Red Hat OpenStack Platform 13
在 Red Hat OpenStack Platform 中配置自动扩展
OpenStack Documentation Team
rhos-docs@redhat.com摘要
自动缩放计算实例以响应系统用量。
第 1 章 为 Compute 实例配置自动扩展
您可以自动横向扩展计算实例，以响应大量系统的使用情况。通过使用考虑 CPU 或内存使用情况等因素的预定义规则，您可以配置 Orchestration (heat)来在需要时自动添加和删除其他实例。
1.1. 自动扩展的架构概述
1.1.1. 编配
提供自动扩展的核心组件是 Orchestration (heat)。您可以使用编排来定义使用人类可读的 YAML 模板的规则。这些规则可根据遥测数据评估系统负载，以确定是否需要添加更多实例到堆栈中。当负载下降时，编配可以再次自动删除未使用的实例。
1.1.2. Telemetry
您可以使用遥测（遥测）来监控 Red Hat OpenStack Platform 环境的性能，收集 CPU、存储和内存用于实例和物理主机的数据。编排模板检查遥测数据，以评估任何预定义的操作是否启动。
1.1.3. 关键术语
- 堆栈 - 堆栈表示操作应用程序所需的所有资源。它可以像一个实例及其资源一样简单，或者作为包含多个实例复杂的，包含多层应用程序的所有资源依赖项。
模板 - 为 heat 定义一系列要执行的任务的 YAML 脚本。例如，最好将单独的模板用于某些功能：
- 模板文件 - 在其中定义 Telemetry 必须响应的阈值，并且定义自动扩展组。
- 环境文件 - 定义环境的构建信息：要使用的类别和镜像、应如何配置虚拟网络以及如何安装哪些软件。
1.2. 示例：根据 CPU 使用率自动扩展
在本例中，编配会检查遥测数据，并自动增加实例的数量以响应高 CPU 使用量。创建了堆栈模板和环境模板，以定义所需规则和后续配置。本例使用现有资源，如网络，并使用在您自己的环境中可能不同的名称。
创建环境模板，描述实例类别、网络配置和镜像类型，并将它保存到模板
/home/<user>/stacks/example1/cirros.yaml文件中。将 <user> 变量替换为真实用户名：heat_template_version: 2016-10-14 description: Template to spawn an cirros instance. parameters: metadata: type: json image: type: string description: image used to create instance default: cirros flavor: type: string description: instance flavor to be used default: m1.tiny key_name: type: string description: keypair to be used default: mykeypair network: type: string description: project network to attach instance to default: internal1 external_network: type: string description: network used for floating IPs default: external_network resources: server: type: OS::Nova::Server properties: block_device_mapping: - device_name: vda delete_on_termination: true volume_id: { get_resource: volume } flavor: {get_param: flavor} key_name: {get_param: key_name} metadata: {get_param: metadata} networks: - port: { get_resource: port } port: type: OS::Neutron::Port properties: network: {get_param: network} security_groups: - default floating_ip: type: OS::Neutron::FloatingIP properties: floating_network: {get_param: external_network} floating_ip_assoc: type: OS::Neutron::FloatingIPAssociation properties: floatingip_id: { get_resource: floating_ip } port_id: { get_resource: port } volume: type: OS::Cinder::Volume properties: image: {get_param: image} size: 1在
~/stacks/example1/environment.yaml中注册编排资源：resource_registry: "OS::Nova::Server::Cirros": ~/stacks/example1/cirros.yaml创建堆栈模板，描述要监视的 CPU 阈值以及要添加的实例数量。也会创建一个实例组，定义参与此模板的最小和最大实例数量。
注意granularity参数需要根据 gnocchicpu_util指标粒度来设置。如需更多信息，请参阅 此解决方案文章。将以下值保存到
~/stacks/example1/template.yaml中：heat_template_version: 2016-10-14 description: Example auto scale group, policy and alarm resources: scaleup_group: type: OS::Heat::AutoScalingGroup properties: cooldown: 300 desired_capacity: 1 max_size: 3 min_size: 1 resource: type: OS::Nova::Server::Cirros properties: metadata: {"metering.server_group": {get_param: "OS::stack_id"}} scaleup_policy: type: OS::Heat::ScalingPolicy properties: adjustment_type: change_in_capacity auto_scaling_group_id: { get_resource: scaleup_group } cooldown: 300 scaling_adjustment: 1 scaledown_policy: type: OS::Heat::ScalingPolicy properties: adjustment_type: change_in_capacity auto_scaling_group_id: { get_resource: scaleup_group } cooldown: 300 scaling_adjustment: -1 cpu_alarm_high: type: OS::Aodh::GnocchiAggregationByResourcesAlarm properties: description: Scale up if CPU > 80% metric: cpu_util aggregation_method: mean granularity: 300 evaluation_periods: 1 threshold: 80 resource_type: instance comparison_operator: gt alarm_actions: - str_replace: template: trust+url params: url: {get_attr: [scaleup_policy, signal_url]} query: str_replace: template: '{"=": {"server_group": "stack_id"}}' params: stack_id: {get_param: "OS::stack_id"} cpu_alarm_low: type: OS::Aodh::GnocchiAggregationByResourcesAlarm properties: metric: cpu_util aggregation_method: mean granularity: 300 evaluation_periods: 1 threshold: 5 resource_type: instance comparison_operator: lt alarm_actions: - str_replace: template: trust+url params: url: {get_attr: [scaledown_policy, signal_url]} query: str_replace: template: '{"=": {"server_group": "stack_id"}}' params: stack_id: {get_param: "OS::stack_id"} outputs: scaleup_policy_signal_url: value: {get_attr: [scaleup_policy, signal_url]} scaledown_policy_signal_url: value: {get_attr: [scaledown_policy, signal_url]}运行以下 OpenStack 命令，以构建环境并部署实例：
$ openstack stack create -t template.yaml -e environment.yaml example +---------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | Field | Value | +---------------------+--------------------------------------------+ | id | 248a98bb-f56e-4934-a281-fffde62d78d8 | | stack_name | example | | description | Example auto scale group, policy and alarm | | creation_time | 2017-03-06T15:00:29Z | | updated_time | None | | stack_status | CREATE_IN_PROGRESS | | stack_status_reason | Stack CREATE started | +---------------------+--------------------------------------------+
编排创建堆栈并启动定义的最少 cirros 实例数量，如
scaleup_group定义中的min_size参数中所述。验证实例是否已成功创建：$ openstack server list +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+-------------------------------------+ | ID | Name | Status | Task State | Power State | Networks | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+-------------------------------------+ | e1524f65-5be6-49e4-8501-e5e5d812c612 | ex-3gax-5f3a4og5cwn2-png47w3u2vjd-server-vaajhuv4mj3j | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.9, 192.168.122.8 | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+-------------------------------------+
编排也创建两个 cpu 警报，它们用于触发纵向扩展或缩减事件，如
cpu_alarm_high和cpu_alarm_low中定义的。验证触发器是否存在：$ openstack alarm list +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------+ | alarm_id | type | name | state | severity | enabled | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------+ | 022f707d-46cc-4d39-a0b2-afd2fc7ab86a | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_high-odj77qpbld7j | insufficient data | low | True | | 46ed2c50-e05a-44d8-b6f6-f1ebd83af913 | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_low-m37jvnm56x2t | insufficient data | low | True | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------------------+----------+---------+
1.2.1. 测试自动扩展实例
编排可以根据 cpu_alarm_high 阈值定义自动扩展实例。当 CPU 使用率达到 阈值 参数中定义的值后，将启动另一个实例来均衡负载。以上 template.yaml 文件中的 阈值 被设置为 80%。
登录到实例并运行多个
dd命令来生成负载：$ ssh -i ~/mykey.pem cirros@192.168.122.8 $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null & $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null & $ sudo dd if=/dev/zero of=/dev/null &
运行
dd命令，预期在 cirros 实例中有 100% CPU 使用率。验证警报是否已触发：$ openstack alarm list +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+ | alarm_id | type | name | state | severity | enabled | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+ | 022f707d-46cc-4d39-a0b2-afd2fc7ab86a | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_high-odj77qpbld7j | alarm | low | True | | 46ed2c50-e05a-44d8-b6f6-f1ebd83af913 | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_low-m37jvnm56x2t | ok | low | True | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+
一段时间后（大约 60 秒），编排将启动另一个实例并将它添加到组中。您可以使用
nova list命令验证这一点：$ openstack server list +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+ | ID | Name | Status | Task State | Power State | Networks | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+ | 477ee1af-096c-477c-9a3f-b95b0e2d4ab5 | ex-3gax-4urpikl5koff-yrxk3zxzfmpf-server-2hde4tp4trnk | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.13, 192.168.122.17 | | e1524f65-5be6-49e4-8501-e5e5d812c612 | ex-3gax-5f3a4og5cwn2-png47w3u2vjd-server-vaajhuv4mj3j | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.9, 192.168.122.8 | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
在另一个短时间内后，您将观察编排已再次自动缩放到三个实例。将配置设置为最多三个实例，因此它将不会扩展任何更高(
scaleup_group定义：max_size)。同样，您可以使用上述命令验证：$ openstack server list +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+ | ID | Name | Status | Task State | Power State | Networks | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+ | 477ee1af-096c-477c-9a3f-b95b0e2d4ab5 | ex-3gax-4urpikl5koff-yrxk3zxzfmpf-server-2hde4tp4trnk | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.13, 192.168.122.17 | | e1524f65-5be6-49e4-8501-e5e5d812c612 | ex-3gax-5f3a4og5cwn2-png47w3u2vjd-server-vaajhuv4mj3j | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.9, 192.168.122.8 | | 6c88179e-c368-453d-a01a-555eae8cd77a | ex-3gax-fvxz3tr63j4o-36fhftuja3bw-server-rhl4sqkjuy5p | ACTIVE | - | Running | internal1=10.10.10.5, 192.168.122.5 | +--------------------------------------+-------------------------------------------------------+--------+------------+-------------+---------------------------------------+
1.2.2. 自动缩放实例
编排也可以根据 cpu_alarm_low 阈值来自动缩减实例。在本例中，实例在 CPU 使用率低于 5% 后缩减。
终止正在运行的
dd进程，并观察编配开始缩减实例：$ killall dd
停止
dd进程会导致cpu_alarm_low事件触发。因此，编配开始自动缩减和移除实例。验证已触发对应的警报：$ openstack alarm list +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+ | alarm_id | type | name | state | severity | enabled | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+ | 022f707d-46cc-4d39-a0b2-afd2fc7ab86a | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_high-odj77qpbld7j | ok | low | True | | 46ed2c50-e05a-44d8-b6f6-f1ebd83af913 | gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold | example-cpu_alarm_low-m37jvnm56x2t | alarm | low | True | +--------------------------------------+--------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------+-------+----------+---------+
五分钟后，编排会持续将实例数量减少到
scaleup_group定义中min_size参数中定义的最小值。在这种情况下，min_size参数设为1。
1.2.3. 对设置进行故障排除
如果您的环境无法正常工作，您可以在日志文件和历史记录记录中查找错误。
要获取状态转换的信息，您可以列出堆栈事件记录：
$ openstack stack event list example 2017-03-06 11:12:43Z [example]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS Stack CREATE started 2017-03-06 11:12:43Z [example.scaleup_group]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:04Z [example.scaleup_group]: CREATE_COMPLETE state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:04Z [example.scaledown_policy]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:05Z [example.scaleup_policy]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:05Z [example.scaledown_policy]: CREATE_COMPLETE state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:05Z [example.scaleup_policy]: CREATE_COMPLETE state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:05Z [example.cpu_alarm_low]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:05Z [example.cpu_alarm_high]: CREATE_IN_PROGRESS state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:06Z [example.cpu_alarm_low]: CREATE_COMPLETE state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:07Z [example.cpu_alarm_high]: CREATE_COMPLETE state changed 2017-03-06 11:13:07Z [example]: CREATE_COMPLETE Stack CREATE completed successfully 2017-03-06 11:19:34Z [example.scaleup_policy]: SIGNAL_COMPLETE alarm state changed from alarm to alarm (Remaining as alarm due to 1 samples outside threshold, most recent: 95.4080102993) 2017-03-06 11:25:43Z [example.scaleup_policy]: SIGNAL_COMPLETE alarm state changed from alarm to alarm (Remaining as alarm due to 1 samples outside threshold, most recent: 95.8869217299) 2017-03-06 11:33:25Z [example.scaledown_policy]: SIGNAL_COMPLETE alarm state changed from ok to alarm (Transition to alarm due to 1 samples outside threshold, most recent: 2.73931707966) 2017-03-06 11:39:15Z [example.scaledown_policy]: SIGNAL_COMPLETE alarm state changed from alarm to alarm (Remaining as alarm due to 1 samples outside threshold, most recent: 2.78110858552)
读取警报历史记录日志：
$ openstack alarm-history show 022f707d-46cc-4d39-a0b2-afd2fc7ab86a +----------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | timestamp | type | detail | event_id | +----------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+--------------------------------------+ | 2017-03-06T11:32:35.510000 | state transition | {"transition_reason": "Transition to ok due to 1 samples inside threshold, most recent: | 25e0e70b-3eda-466e-abac-42d9cf67e704 | | | | 2.73931707966", "state": "ok"} | | | 2017-03-06T11:17:35.403000 | state transition | {"transition_reason": "Transition to alarm due to 1 samples outside threshold, most recent: | 8322f62c-0d0a-4dc0-9279-435510f81039 | | | | 95.0964497325", "state": "alarm"} | | | 2017-03-06T11:15:35.723000 | state transition | {"transition_reason": "Transition to ok due to 1 samples inside threshold, most recent: | 1503bd81-7eba-474e-b74e-ded8a7b630a1 | | | | 3.59330523447", "state": "ok"} | | | 2017-03-06T11:13:06.413000 | creation | {"alarm_actions": ["trust+http://fca6e27e3d524ed68abdc0fd576aa848:delete@192.168.122.126:8004/v1/fd | 224f15c0-b6f1-4690-9a22-0c1d236e65f6 | | | | 1c345135be4ee587fef424c241719d/stacks/example/d9ef59ed-b8f8-4e90-bd9b- | | | | | ae87e73ef6e2/resources/scaleup_policy/signal"], "user_id": "a85f83b7f7784025b6acdc06ef0a8fd8", | | | | | "name": "example-cpu_alarm_high-odj77qpbld7j", "state": "insufficient data", "timestamp": | | | | | "2017-03-06T11:13:06.413455", "description": "Scale up if CPU > 80%", "enabled": true, | | | | | "state_timestamp": "2017-03-06T11:13:06.413455", "rule": {"evaluation_periods": 1, "metric": | | | | | "cpu_util", "aggregation_method": "mean", "granularity": 300, "threshold": 80.0, "query": "{\"=\": | | | | | {\"server_group\": \"d9ef59ed-b8f8-4e90-bd9b-ae87e73ef6e2\"}}", "comparison_operator": "gt", | | | | | "resource_type": "instance"}, "alarm_id": "022f707d-46cc-4d39-a0b2-afd2fc7ab86a", | | | | | "time_constraints": [], "insufficient_data_actions": null, "repeat_actions": true, "ok_actions": | | | | | null, "project_id": "fd1c345135be4ee587fef424c241719d", "type": | | | | | "gnocchi_aggregation_by_resources_threshold", "severity": "low"} | | +----------------------------+------------------+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+-------------------------------------要查看 heat 为现有堆栈收集的 scale-out 或 scale-down 操作的记录，您可以使用
awk解析heat-engine.log：$ awk '/Stack UPDATE started/,/Stack CREATE completed successfully/ {print $0}' /var/log/containers/heat/heat-engine.log要查看与
aodh相关的信息，请检查evaluator.log：$ grep -i alarm /var/log/containers/aodh/evaluator.log | grep -i transition
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