第 2 章 规划

本指南提供一些常规指导，以帮助您规划在 Red Hat CloudForms 中的部署，其中包括创建包含 Red Hat CloudForms 工具的多个区域，CPU 大小推荐、数据库大小推荐及数据库配置。

2.1. 区域

区域是用来集中保存从公共及专用虚拟化环境中收集的数据。一个区域最终代表 VMDB 的单一数据库。当需要管理多个地理位置时，区域就变得很有用，因为它们可在每个具体位置启用所有数据收集，同时可避免数据收集流量延缓网络链接。

使用多个区域时，每个区域都有其专用 ID。可创建主区域以便将所有子区域中的数据集中到单一主数据库中。要这样做，请将每个子区域配置为将其数据复制到主区域数据库中（红帽建议使用区域 99）。这个父区域和子区域是一对多的关系。

区域可包含多个区，每个区依次包含工具。区是用来进一步分离网络流量，同时启用故障切换配置。可以为每个工具配置大量指定的服务器角色。这些角色仅限用于包含其所在工具的区。

在一个区中只能为每个服务器角色运行一种故障切换类型。如果多个工具有同样的故障切换角色，则多出的角色是作为备份，只有在主工具出现故障时才能激活。无故障切换的服务器角色可在一个区的多个工具中同时运行，因此可根据那些角色负责的负载调整资源。

下图演示了 Red Hat CloudForms 环境中多个区域协同工作的示例。

7151

如图所示：主工具位于芝加哥，包含一个主区域及管理多个工具的子区域。莫澳技术中心有管理两个区的单一子区域。同样，圣地亚哥技术中心有管理单一区的单一子区域。

注意
  • 不支持将父区域复制到较高级的父区域。
  • 子区域上线后可配置父区域。

您可在下图中仔细观察区域：

7150

如图所示：在这个区域中，我们有几个 Red Hat CloudForms 工具可作为 UI 节点及辅助角色节点。这些辅助角色节点在您环境的提供者中执行任务。该区域还使用向主 Red Hat CloudForms 工具中的主数据库报告的区域数据库。所有工具均可连接到认证服务（Active Directory、LDAP、身份管理）、传出邮件（SMTP）及网络服务（SNMP）。

2.2. 租户

Red Hat CloudForms 支持多租户，可让您分离一个租户的资源，并将用户帐户与其他帐户分离。另外，还可将租户以层级方式嵌套，在底部启用，并让上面的各层继承其权限。这个配置允许您为具体租户细化用户权限。

租户模型

有大量租赁规划共选择：

  • 无租户 - 与之前没有租户支持的系统类似，可创建单一大型租户，并在没有任何资源细分或用户帐户的前提下执行所有操作。
  • 企业模型 - 创建单一租户的一般情况，然后可根据所在机构的结果或部分划分。然后那些部门可将其资源进一步细分到不同的项目。使用这个模型，用户访问可使用单一 URL，同时还可将资源分为嵌套的层级租户。
  • 多租户模型（CCP） - 使用认证的云提供者创建，这个模型允许多个租户彼此完全隔离，使用独立带宽及特定 URL。

2.3. 数据库大小分配助手

红帽建议创建时完全分配虚拟机磁盘。随着时间的推移，有三个主要因素会影响您的数据库大小：

  • 虚拟机计数：随着时间的推移，这是影响虚拟机数据库（VMDB）计算的最重要因素。
  • 主机计数：与该提供者关联的主机数。
  • 存储计数：从提供者或主机角度看的独立存储元素数，不是所有虚拟机的虚拟磁盘总数。

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2.4. PostgreSQL 配置文件示例

# -----------------------------
# PostgreSQL configuration file - MIQ Dedicated Appliance Configuration
# -----------------------------
#
# This file consists of lines of the form:
#
#   name = value
#
# (The "=" is optional.)  Whitespace may be used.  Comments are introduced with
# "#" anywhere on a line.  The complete list of parameter names and allowed
# values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation.
#
# The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values.
# Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value;
# you need to reload the server.
#
# This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP
# signal.  If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the
# server for the changes to take effect, or use "pg_ctl reload".  Some
# parameters, which are marked below, require a server shutdown and restart to
# take effect.
#
# Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g.,
# "postgres -c log_connections=on".  Some parameters can be changed at run time
# with the "SET" SQL command.
#
# Memory units:  kB = kilobytes        Time units:  ms  = milliseconds
#                MB = megabytes                     s   = seconds
#                GB = gigabytes                     min = minutes
#                                                   h   = hours
#                                                   d   = days


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# FILE LOCATIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line
# option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir.

#data_directory = 'ConfigDir'		# use data in another directory
					# (change requires restart)
#hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf'	# host-based authentication file
					# (change requires restart)
#ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf'	# ident configuration file
					# (change requires restart)

# If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written.
#external_pid_file = '(none)'		# write an extra PID file
					# (change requires restart)


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Connection Settings -

listen_addresses = '10.132.50.128'	# MIQ Value;
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'		# what IP address(es) to listen on;
					# comma-separated list of addresses;
					# defaults to 'localhost', '*' = all
					# (change requires restart)
#port = 5432				# (change requires restart)
max_connections = 1600			# MIQ Value increased
#max_connections = 100			# (change requires restart) Note:  Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per connection slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction).
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3	# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_directory = ''		# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = ''			# (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777		# begin with 0 to use octal notation
					# (change requires restart)
#bonjour = off				# advertise server via Bonjour
					# (change requires restart)
#bonjour_name = ''			# defaults to the computer name
					# (change requires restart)

# - Security and Authentication -

#authentication_timeout = 1min		# 1s-600s
#ssl = off				# (change requires restart)
#ssl_ciphers = 'ALL:!ADH:!LOW:!EXP:!MD5:@STRENGTH'	# allowed SSL ciphers
					# (change requires restart)
#ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB	# amount of data between renegotiations
#password_encryption = on
#db_user_namespace = off

# Kerberos and GSSAPI
#krb_server_keyfile = ''
#krb_srvname = 'postgres'		# (Kerberos only)
#krb_caseins_users = off

# - TCP Keepalives -
# see "man 7 tcp" for details

tcp_keepalives_idle = 3			# MIQ Value;
#tcp_keepalives_idle = 0		# TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds;
					# 0 selects the system default
tcp_keepalives_interval = 75		# MIQ Value;
#tcp_keepalives_interval = 0		# TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds;
					# 0 selects the system default
tcp_keepalives_count = 9		# MIQ Value;
#tcp_keepalives_count = 0		# TCP_KEEPCNT;
					# 0 selects the system default


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL)
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Memory -

#shared_buffers = 128MB			# MIQ Value SHARED CONFIGURATION
shared_buffers = 4GB			# MIQ Value DEDICATED CONFIGURATION increased
#shared_buffers = 32MB			# min 128kB
					# (change requires restart)
#temp_buffers = 8MB			# min 800kB
#max_prepared_transactions = 0		# zero disables the feature
					# (change requires restart)
# Note:  Increasing max_prepared_transactions costs ~600 bytes of shared memory
# per transaction slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction).
# It is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless you
# actively intend to use prepared transactions.
#work_mem = 1MB				# min 64kB
#maintenance_work_mem = 16MB		# min 1MB
#max_stack_depth = 2MB			# min 100kB

# - Kernel Resource Usage -

#max_files_per_process = 1000		# min 25
					# (change requires restart)
#shared_preload_libraries = ''		# (change requires restart)

# - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay -

#vacuum_cost_delay = 0ms		# 0-100 milliseconds
#vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20		# 0-10000 credits
#vacuum_cost_limit = 200		# 1-10000 credits

# - Background Writer -

#bgwriter_delay = 200ms			# 10-10000ms between rounds
#bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100		# 0-1000 max buffers written/round
#bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0		# 0-10.0 multipler on buffers scanned/round

# - Asynchronous Behavior -

#effective_io_concurrency = 1		# 1-1000. 0 disables prefetching


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# WRITE AHEAD LOG
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Settings -

#wal_level = minimal			# minimal, archive, or hot_standby
					# (change requires restart)
#fsync = on				# turns forced synchronization on or off
#synchronous_commit = on		# synchronization level; on, off, or local
#wal_sync_method = fsync		# the default is the first option
					# supported by the operating system:
					#   open_datasync
					#   fdatasync (default on Linux)
					#   fsync
					#   fsync_writethrough
					#   open_sync
#full_page_writes = on			# recover from partial page writes
wal_buffers = 16MB			# MIQ Value;
#wal_buffers = -1			# min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers
					# (change requires restart)
#wal_writer_delay = 200ms		# 1-10000 milliseconds

#commit_delay = 0			# range 0-100000, in microseconds
#commit_siblings = 5			# range 1-1000

# - Checkpoints -

checkpoint_segments = 15		# MIQ Value;
#checkpoint_segments = 3		# in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each
#checkpoint_timeout = 5min		# range 30s-1h
checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9	# MIQ Value;
#checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5	# checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0
#checkpoint_warning = 30s		# 0 disables

# - Archiving -

#archive_mode = off		# allows archiving to be done
				# (change requires restart)
#archive_command = ''		# command to use to archive a logfile segment
#archive_timeout = 0		# force a logfile segment switch after this
				# number of seconds; 0 disables


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# REPLICATION
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Master Server -

# These settings are ignored on a standby server

#max_wal_senders = 0		# max number of walsender processes
				# (change requires restart)
#wal_sender_delay = 1s		# walsender cycle time, 1-10000 milliseconds
#wal_keep_segments = 0		# in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables
#vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0	# number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed
#replication_timeout = 60s	# in milliseconds; 0 disables
#synchronous_standby_names = ''	# standby servers that provide sync rep
				# comma-separated list of application_name
				# from standby(s); '*' = all

# - Standby Servers -

# These settings are ignored on a master server

#hot_standby = off			# "on" allows queries during recovery
					# (change requires restart)
#max_standby_archive_delay = 30s	# max delay before canceling queries
					# when reading WAL from archive;
					# -1 allows indefinite delay
#max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s	# max delay before canceling queries
					# when reading streaming WAL;
					# -1 allows indefinite delay
#wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s	# send replies at least this often
					# 0 disables
#hot_standby_feedback = off		# send info from standby to prevent
					# query conflicts


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# QUERY TUNING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Planner Method Configuration -

#enable_bitmapscan = on
#enable_hashagg = on
#enable_hashjoin = on
#enable_indexscan = on
#enable_material = on
#enable_mergejoin = on
#enable_nestloop = on
#enable_seqscan = on
#enable_sort = on
#enable_tidscan = on

# - Planner Cost Constants -

#seq_page_cost = 1.0			# measured on an arbitrary scale
#random_page_cost = 4.0			# same scale as above
#cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01			# same scale as above
#cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005		# same scale as above
#cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025		# same scale as above
#effective_cache_size = 128MB

# - Genetic Query Optimizer -

#geqo = on
#geqo_threshold = 12
#geqo_effort = 5			# range 1-10
#geqo_pool_size = 0			# selects default based on effort
#geqo_generations = 0			# selects default based on effort
#geqo_selection_bias = 2.0		# range 1.5-2.0
#geqo_seed = 0.0			# range 0.0-1.0

# - Other Planner Options -

#default_statistics_target = 100	# range 1-10000
#constraint_exclusion = partition	# on, off, or partition
#cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1		# range 0.0-1.0
#from_collapse_limit = 8
#join_collapse_limit = 8		# 1 disables collapsing of explicit
					# JOIN clauses


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR REPORTING AND LOGGING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Where to Log -


log_destination = 'stderr'		# Valid values are combinations of
					# stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog,
					# depending on platform.  csvlog
					# requires logging_collector to be on.

# This is used when logging to stderr:
logging_collector = on		# Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog
					# into log files. Required to be on for
					# csvlogs.
					# (change requires restart)

# These are only used if logging_collector is on:
log_directory = '/www/postgres/log'	# Customer specific setting
#log_directory = 'pg_log'		# directory where log files are written,
					# can be absolute or relative to PGDATA
log_filename = 'postgresql-%Y-%m-%d.log'        # log file name pattern,
					# can include strftime() escapes
log_file_mode = 0644                    # creation mode for log files,
					# begin with 0 to use octal notation
log_truncate_on_rotation = on           # If on, an existing log file with the
					# same name as the new log file will be
					# truncated rather than appended to.
					# But such truncation only occurs on
					# time-driven rotation, not on restarts
					# or size-driven rotation.  Default is
					# off, meaning append to existing files
					# in all cases.
log_rotation_age = 1d                   # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
					# happen after that time.  0 disables.
log_rotation_size = 0                   # Automatic rotation of logfiles will
					# happen after that much log output.
					# 0 disables.

# These are relevant when logging to syslog:
#syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0'
#syslog_ident = 'postgres'

#silent_mode = off			# Run server silently.
					# DO NOT USE without syslog or
					# logging_collector
					# (change requires restart)


# - When to Log -

#client_min_messages = notice		# values in order of decreasing detail:
					#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
					#   log
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error

#log_min_messages = warning		# values in order of decreasing detail:
					#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
					#   info
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error
					#   log
					#   fatal
					#   panic

#log_min_error_statement = error	# values in order of decreasing detail:
				 	#   debug5
					#   debug4
					#   debug3
					#   debug2
					#   debug1
				 	#   info
					#   notice
					#   warning
					#   error
					#   log
					#   fatal
					#   panic (effectively off)

log_min_duration_statement = 5000	# MIQ Value- ANY statement > 5 seconds
#log_min_duration_statement = -1	# -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements
					# and their durations, > 0 logs only
					# statements running at least this number
					# of milliseconds


# - What to Log -

#debug_print_parse = off
#debug_print_rewritten = off
#debug_print_plan = off
#debug_pretty_print = on
#log_checkpoints = off
#log_connections = off
#log_disconnections = off
#log_duration = off
#log_error_verbosity = default		# terse, default, or verbose messages
#log_hostname = off
log_line_prefix = '%t:%r:%c:%u@%d:[%p]:'	# MIQ Value;
#log_line_prefix = ''			# special values:
					#   %a = application name
					#   %u = user name
					#   %d = database name
					#   %r = remote host and port
					#   %h = remote host
					#   %p = process ID
					#   %t = timestamp without milliseconds
					#   %m = timestamp with milliseconds
					#   %i = command tag
					#   %e = SQL state
					#   %c = session ID
					#   %l = session line number
					#   %s = session start timestamp
					#   %v = virtual transaction ID
					#   %x = transaction ID (0 if none)
					#   %q = stop here in non-session
					#        processes
					#   %% = '%'
					# e.g. '<%u%%%d> '
log_lock_waits = on			# MIQ Value - used to track possible deadlock issues
#log_lock_waits = off			# log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout
#log_statement = 'none'			# none, ddl, mod, all
#log_temp_files = -1			# log temporary files equal or larger
					# than the specified size in kilobytes;
					# -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files
#log_timezone = '(defaults to server environment setting)'


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# RUNTIME STATISTICS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Query/Index Statistics Collector -

#track_activities = on
track_counts = on			# MIQ Value;
#track_counts = on
#track_functions = none			# none, pl, all
#track_activity_query_size = 1024 	# (change requires restart)
#update_process_title = on
#stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp'


# - Statistics Monitoring -

#log_parser_stats = off
#log_planner_stats = off
#log_executor_stats = off
#log_statement_stats = off


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# AUTOVACUUM PARAMETERS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

autovacuum = on				# MIQ Value;
#autovacuum = on			# Enable autovacuum subprocess?  'on'
					# requires track_counts to also be on.
log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0		# MIQ Value;
#log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1	# -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and
					# their durations, > 0 logs only
					# actions running at least this number
					# of milliseconds.
autovacuum_max_workers = 1		# max number of autovacuum subprocesses
					# (change requires restart)
autovacuum_naptime = 30min		# MIQ Value;
#autovacuum_naptime = 1min		# time between autovacuum runs
autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 500	# MIQ Value;
#autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
					# vacuum
autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 500	# MIQ Value;
#autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50	# min number of row updates before
					# analyze
autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05	# MIQ Value;
#autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2	# fraction of table size before vacuum
#autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1	# fraction of table size before analyze
#autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000	# maximum XID age before forced vacuum
					# (change requires restart)
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms	# default vacuum cost delay for
					# autovacuum, in milliseconds;
					# -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay
#autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1	# default vacuum cost limit for
					# autovacuum, -1 means use
					# vacuum_cost_limit


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Statement Behavior -

#search_path = '"$user",public'		# schema names
#default_tablespace = ''		# a tablespace name, '' uses the default
#temp_tablespaces = ''			# a list of tablespace names, '' uses
					# only default tablespace
#check_function_bodies = on
#default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed'
#default_transaction_read_only = off
#default_transaction_deferrable = off
#session_replication_role = 'origin'
#statement_timeout = 0			# in milliseconds, 0 is disabled
#statement_timeout = 43200000			# MIQ statment timeout of 12 hours as a default
#vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000
#vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000
#bytea_output = 'hex'			# hex, escape
#xmlbinary = 'base64'
#xmloption = 'content'

# - Locale and Formatting -

datestyle = 'iso, mdy'
#intervalstyle = 'postgres'
#timezone = '(defaults to server environment setting)'
#timezone_abbreviations = 'Default'     # Select the set of available time zone
					# abbreviations.  Currently, there are
					#   Default
					#   Australia
					#   India
					# You can create your own file in
					# share/timezonesets/.
#extra_float_digits = 0			# min -15, max 3
#client_encoding = sql_ascii		# actually, defaults to database
					# encoding

# These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed.
lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for system error message
					# strings
lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for monetary formatting
lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8'			# locale for number formatting
lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8'				# locale for time formatting

# default configuration for text search
default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english'

# - Other Defaults -

#dynamic_library_path = '$libdir'
#local_preload_libraries = ''


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# LOCK MANAGEMENT
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

deadlock_timeout = 5s			# MIQ Value - one second is too low, 5 seconds is more "interesting"
#deadlock_timeout = 1s
#max_locks_per_transaction = 64		# min 10
					# (change requires restart)
# Note:  Each lock table slot uses ~270 bytes of shared memory, and there are
# max_locks_per_transaction * (max_connections + max_prepared_transactions)
# lock table slots.
#max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64	# min 10
					# (change requires restart)

#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# VERSION/PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

# - Previous PostgreSQL Versions -

#array_nulls = on
#backslash_quote = safe_encoding	# on, off, or safe_encoding
#default_with_oids = off
escape_string_warning = off		# MIQ Value no sure why this is enabled
#escape_string_warning = on
#lo_compat_privileges = off
#quote_all_identifiers = off
#sql_inheritance = on
standard_conforming_strings = off	# MIQ Value not sure why this is enabled
#standard_conforming_strings = on
#synchronize_seqscans = on

# - Other Platforms and Clients -

#transform_null_equals = off


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# ERROR HANDLING
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#exit_on_error = off				# terminate session on any error?
#restart_after_crash = on			# reinitialize after backend crash?


#------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS
#------------------------------------------------------------------------------

#custom_variable_classes = ''		# list of custom variable class names