第2章 プランニング
本書では、Red Hat CloudForms Management Engine へのデプロイメントプランに関して一般的なガイドラインを提供します。本書には、Red Hat CloudForms Management Engine アプライアンスを含む複数のリージョンの作成方法、CPU およびデータベースのサイズの推奨、データベース設定などが含まれます。
2.1. リージョン
リージョンは、パブリックおよびプライベートの仮想化環境から収集されたデータを集約するために使用します。最終的にはリージョンは VMDB 向けの単一データベースとして表されます。また、リージョンは、特定の場所ですべてのデータ収集が行われるようにして、データ収集のトラフィックがネットワーク間の接続が遅い箇所を通らないようにするため、特に、複数の地理的場所を管理する必要がある場合に便利です。
特定の一意名を指定して、複数のリージョンを使用する場合には、マスターリージョンを作成して、すべての子リージョンのデータを単一のマスターデータベースに集約することができます。これには、子リージョンをそれぞれ設定して、そのデータをマスターリージョンデータベース (Red Hat はリージョン 99 の使用を推奨) に複製します。この親子リージョンは、一対多の関係にあります。
リージョンには複数のゾーンが含まれており、同様にゾーンにはアプライアンスが含まれています。ゾーンは、ネットワークトラフィックの分割や、フェールオーバーの設定を有効化する際に使用されます。各アプライアンスには、特別なサーバーロールを複数設定することができます。これらのロールが機能するのは、実行されているアプライアンスを含むゾーンに制限されます。
1 つのゾーンで実行できるのは、サーバーロールごとに 1 つのフェイールオーバータイプのみです。複数のアプライアンスに同じフェールオーバーロールが指定されている場合には、余分なフェールオーバータイプがバックアップとして使用され、主要アプライアンスに障害が発生した場合にのみ有効化されます。フェールオーバーサーバーロールは同時に、1 つのゾーン内の複数のアプライアンスで実行することができないため、リソースは、ロールが担当するワークロードに合わせて調節することができます。
以下の図は、CloudForms 環境で複数のリージョンが連携している図を示しています。
マスターのアプライアンスは Chicago に配置されており、これにはマスターリージョンと、ワーカーアプライアンスを管理するサブリージョンが含まれています。Mahwah Technology Center は、2 つのゾーンを管理するサブリージョン 1 つで構成されており、San Diego Technology Center は 1 つのゾーンを管理するサブリージョン 1 つで構成されています。
- 親リージョンは、親の上のレベルには複製できません。
- 親リージョンは、子リージョンがオンラインになってからでないと設定できません。
以下の図では、リージョンの詳細を示しています。
このリージョンでは、複数の Red Hat CloudForms アプライアンスが UI ノードおよびワーカーノードとして機能しています。これらのワーカーノードは、環境内のプロバイダーでタスクを実行します。また、リージョンは、メインの Red Hat CloudForms アプライアンスでマスターデータベースにレポートするリージョンデータベースを使用します。アプライアンスはすべて、認証サービス (Active Directory、LDAP、Identity Management)、送信メール (SMTP)、ネットワークサービス (SNMP) に接続することができます。
2.2. テナント
Red Hat CloudForms は、複数のテナントをサポートし、テナントリソースやユーザーアカウントを別のものと分けることができます。さらに、テナントは階層内でネスト化することができるため、下層のテナントは上層のテナントのパーミッションを継承することができます。この設定により、特定のテナントに粒度の細かいユーザーパーミッションを指定することができます。
- テナンシーモデル
テナントプランニングには、複数のアプローチがあります。
- テナントレス: テナントサポートのない以前のシステムと同様に、大規模なテナントを 1 つ作成して、そのテナントで、リソースやユーザーアカウントを分割せずに、すべての操作を実行することができます。
- エンタープライズモデル: 一般的なシナリオとしては、単一のテナントを作成して、組織内の構造や部門をもとにテナントを分割します。これらの部門は、さらにリソースを特定のプロジェクトに分割することができます。このモデルでは、ユーザーアクセスように URL が 1 つ用意されていますが、リソースをネスト化された階層テナントに分割することもできます。
- マルチテナントモデル (CCP): 認定クラウドプロバイダー (CCP) を念頭に置いて作成された、このモデルでは、複数のテナントが個別のブランディングや一意の URL を使用して、他のテナントから完全に分離することができます。
2.3. 専用の VMDB ホスト向けの CPU サイジングアシスタント
専用の VMDB ホストでサポート可能なアプライアンス数を予測するには、CloudForms Management Engine DB CPU Sizing Assistant を参照してください。
2.4. データベースサイジングアシスタント
Red Hat は、仮想マシンのディスクを作成時に完全に割り当てることを推奨します。経時的に、データベースのサイズに影響を与える主要な要因が 3 つあります。
- 仮想マシン数: 経時的な仮想マシンデータベース (VMDB) のサイズを算出するのに最も重要な要因
- ホスト数: プロバイダーに関連付けられたホスト数
- ストレージ数: プロバイダーまたはホストから見た個別ストレージ要素の数。全仮想マシンの合計仮想ディスク数ではありません。
2.5. PostgreSQL 設定ファイル例
# ----------------------------- # PostgreSQL configuration file - MIQ Dedicated Appliance Configuration # ----------------------------- # # This file consists of lines of the form: # # name = value # # (The "=" is optional.) Whitespace may be used. Comments are introduced with # "#" anywhere on a line. The complete list of parameter names and allowed # values can be found in the PostgreSQL documentation. # # The commented-out settings shown in this file represent the default values. # Re-commenting a setting is NOT sufficient to revert it to the default value; # you need to reload the server. # # This file is read on server startup and when the server receives a SIGHUP # signal. If you edit the file on a running system, you have to SIGHUP the # server for the changes to take effect, or use "pg_ctl reload". Some # parameters, which are marked below, require a server shutdown and restart to # take effect. # # Any parameter can also be given as a command-line option to the server, e.g., # "postgres -c log_connections=on". Some parameters can be changed at run time # with the "SET" SQL command. # # Memory units: kB = kilobytes Time units: ms = milliseconds # MB = megabytes s = seconds # GB = gigabytes min = minutes # h = hours # d = days #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # FILE LOCATIONS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # The default values of these variables are driven from the -D command-line # option or PGDATA environment variable, represented here as ConfigDir. #data_directory = 'ConfigDir' # use data in another directory # (change requires restart) #hba_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_hba.conf' # host-based authentication file # (change requires restart) #ident_file = 'ConfigDir/pg_ident.conf' # ident configuration file # (change requires restart) # If external_pid_file is not explicitly set, no extra PID file is written. #external_pid_file = '(none)' # write an extra PID file # (change requires restart) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CONNECTIONS AND AUTHENTICATION #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Connection Settings - listen_addresses = '10.132.50.128' # MIQ Value; #listen_addresses = 'localhost' # what IP address(es) to listen on; # comma-separated list of addresses; # defaults to 'localhost', '*' = all # (change requires restart) #port = 5432 # (change requires restart) max_connections = 1600 # MIQ Value increased for customer #max_connections = 100 # (change requires restart) Note: Increasing max_connections costs ~400 bytes of shared memory per connection slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction). #superuser_reserved_connections = 3 # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_directory = '' # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_group = '' # (change requires restart) #unix_socket_permissions = 0777 # begin with 0 to use octal notation # (change requires restart) #bonjour = off # advertise server via Bonjour # (change requires restart) #bonjour_name = '' # defaults to the computer name # (change requires restart) # - Security and Authentication - #authentication_timeout = 1min # 1s-600s #ssl = off # (change requires restart) #ssl_ciphers = 'ALL:!ADH:!LOW:!EXP:!MD5:@STRENGTH' # allowed SSL ciphers # (change requires restart) #ssl_renegotiation_limit = 512MB # amount of data between renegotiations #password_encryption = on #db_user_namespace = off # Kerberos and GSSAPI #krb_server_keyfile = '' #krb_srvname = 'postgres' # (Kerberos only) #krb_caseins_users = off # - TCP Keepalives - # see "man 7 tcp" for details tcp_keepalives_idle = 3 # MIQ Value; #tcp_keepalives_idle = 0 # TCP_KEEPIDLE, in seconds; # 0 selects the system default tcp_keepalives_interval = 75 # MIQ Value; #tcp_keepalives_interval = 0 # TCP_KEEPINTVL, in seconds; # 0 selects the system default tcp_keepalives_count = 9 # MIQ Value; #tcp_keepalives_count = 0 # TCP_KEEPCNT; # 0 selects the system default #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # RESOURCE USAGE (except WAL) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Memory - #shared_buffers = 128MB # MIQ Value SHARED CONFIGURATION shared_buffers = 4GB # MIQ Value DEDICATED CONFIGURATION increased for customer #shared_buffers = 32MB # min 128kB # (change requires restart) #temp_buffers = 8MB # min 800kB #max_prepared_transactions = 0 # zero disables the feature # (change requires restart) # Note: Increasing max_prepared_transactions costs ~600 bytes of shared memory # per transaction slot, plus lock space (see max_locks_per_transaction). # It is not advisable to set max_prepared_transactions nonzero unless you # actively intend to use prepared transactions. #work_mem = 1MB # min 64kB #maintenance_work_mem = 16MB # min 1MB #max_stack_depth = 2MB # min 100kB # - Kernel Resource Usage - #max_files_per_process = 1000 # min 25 # (change requires restart) #shared_preload_libraries = '' # (change requires restart) # - Cost-Based Vacuum Delay - #vacuum_cost_delay = 0ms # 0-100 milliseconds #vacuum_cost_page_hit = 1 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_page_miss = 10 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_page_dirty = 20 # 0-10000 credits #vacuum_cost_limit = 200 # 1-10000 credits # - Background Writer - #bgwriter_delay = 200ms # 10-10000ms between rounds #bgwriter_lru_maxpages = 100 # 0-1000 max buffers written/round #bgwriter_lru_multiplier = 2.0 # 0-10.0 multipler on buffers scanned/round # - Asynchronous Behavior - #effective_io_concurrency = 1 # 1-1000. 0 disables prefetching #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # WRITE AHEAD LOG #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Settings - #wal_level = minimal # minimal, archive, or hot_standby # (change requires restart) #fsync = on # turns forced synchronization on or off #synchronous_commit = on # synchronization level; on, off, or local #wal_sync_method = fsync # the default is the first option # supported by the operating system: # open_datasync # fdatasync (default on Linux) # fsync # fsync_writethrough # open_sync #full_page_writes = on # recover from partial page writes wal_buffers = 16MB # MIQ Value; #wal_buffers = -1 # min 32kB, -1 sets based on shared_buffers # (change requires restart) #wal_writer_delay = 200ms # 1-10000 milliseconds #commit_delay = 0 # range 0-100000, in microseconds #commit_siblings = 5 # range 1-1000 # - Checkpoints - checkpoint_segments = 15 # MIQ Value; #checkpoint_segments = 3 # in logfile segments, min 1, 16MB each #checkpoint_timeout = 5min # range 30s-1h checkpoint_completion_target = 0.9 # MIQ Value; #checkpoint_completion_target = 0.5 # checkpoint target duration, 0.0 - 1.0 #checkpoint_warning = 30s # 0 disables # - Archiving - #archive_mode = off # allows archiving to be done # (change requires restart) #archive_command = '' # command to use to archive a logfile segment #archive_timeout = 0 # force a logfile segment switch after this # number of seconds; 0 disables #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # REPLICATION #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Master Server - # These settings are ignored on a standby server #max_wal_senders = 0 # max number of walsender processes # (change requires restart) #wal_sender_delay = 1s # walsender cycle time, 1-10000 milliseconds #wal_keep_segments = 0 # in logfile segments, 16MB each; 0 disables #vacuum_defer_cleanup_age = 0 # number of xacts by which cleanup is delayed #replication_timeout = 60s # in milliseconds; 0 disables #synchronous_standby_names = '' # standby servers that provide sync rep # comma-separated list of application_name # from standby(s); '*' = all # - Standby Servers - # These settings are ignored on a master server #hot_standby = off # "on" allows queries during recovery # (change requires restart) #max_standby_archive_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries # when reading WAL from archive; # -1 allows indefinite delay #max_standby_streaming_delay = 30s # max delay before canceling queries # when reading streaming WAL; # -1 allows indefinite delay #wal_receiver_status_interval = 10s # send replies at least this often # 0 disables #hot_standby_feedback = off # send info from standby to prevent # query conflicts #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # QUERY TUNING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Planner Method Configuration - #enable_bitmapscan = on #enable_hashagg = on #enable_hashjoin = on #enable_indexscan = on #enable_material = on #enable_mergejoin = on #enable_nestloop = on #enable_seqscan = on #enable_sort = on #enable_tidscan = on # - Planner Cost Constants - #seq_page_cost = 1.0 # measured on an arbitrary scale #random_page_cost = 4.0 # same scale as above #cpu_tuple_cost = 0.01 # same scale as above #cpu_index_tuple_cost = 0.005 # same scale as above #cpu_operator_cost = 0.0025 # same scale as above #effective_cache_size = 128MB # - Genetic Query Optimizer - #geqo = on #geqo_threshold = 12 #geqo_effort = 5 # range 1-10 #geqo_pool_size = 0 # selects default based on effort #geqo_generations = 0 # selects default based on effort #geqo_selection_bias = 2.0 # range 1.5-2.0 #geqo_seed = 0.0 # range 0.0-1.0 # - Other Planner Options - #default_statistics_target = 100 # range 1-10000 #constraint_exclusion = partition # on, off, or partition #cursor_tuple_fraction = 0.1 # range 0.0-1.0 #from_collapse_limit = 8 #join_collapse_limit = 8 # 1 disables collapsing of explicit # JOIN clauses #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # ERROR REPORTING AND LOGGING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Where to Log - log_destination = 'stderr' # Valid values are combinations of # stderr, csvlog, syslog, and eventlog, # depending on platform. csvlog # requires logging_collector to be on. # This is used when logging to stderr: logging_collector = on # Enable capturing of stderr and csvlog # into log files. Required to be on for # csvlogs. # (change requires restart) # These are only used if logging_collector is on: log_directory = '/www/postgres/log' # Customer specific setting #log_directory = 'pg_log' # directory where log files are written, # can be absolute or relative to PGDATA log_filename = 'postgresql-%Y-%m-%d.log' # log file name pattern, # can include strftime() escapes log_file_mode = 0644 # creation mode for log files, # begin with 0 to use octal notation log_truncate_on_rotation = on # If on, an existing log file with the # same name as the new log file will be # truncated rather than appended to. # But such truncation only occurs on # time-driven rotation, not on restarts # or size-driven rotation. Default is # off, meaning append to existing files # in all cases. log_rotation_age = 1d # Automatic rotation of logfiles will # happen after that time. 0 disables. log_rotation_size = 0 # Automatic rotation of logfiles will # happen after that much log output. # 0 disables. # These are relevant when logging to syslog: #syslog_facility = 'LOCAL0' #syslog_ident = 'postgres' #silent_mode = off # Run server silently. # DO NOT USE without syslog or # logging_collector # (change requires restart) # - When to Log - #client_min_messages = notice # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # log # notice # warning # error #log_min_messages = warning # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # info # notice # warning # error # log # fatal # panic #log_min_error_statement = error # values in order of decreasing detail: # debug5 # debug4 # debug3 # debug2 # debug1 # info # notice # warning # error # log # fatal # panic (effectively off) log_min_duration_statement = 5000 # MIQ Value- ANY statement > 5 seconds #log_min_duration_statement = -1 # -1 is disabled, 0 logs all statements # and their durations, > 0 logs only # statements running at least this number # of milliseconds # - What to Log - #debug_print_parse = off #debug_print_rewritten = off #debug_print_plan = off #debug_pretty_print = on #log_checkpoints = off #log_connections = off #log_disconnections = off #log_duration = off #log_error_verbosity = default # terse, default, or verbose messages #log_hostname = off log_line_prefix = '%t:%r:%c:%u@%d:[%p]:' # MIQ Value; #log_line_prefix = '' # special values: # %a = application name # %u = user name # %d = database name # %r = remote host and port # %h = remote host # %p = process ID # %t = timestamp without milliseconds # %m = timestamp with milliseconds # %i = command tag # %e = SQL state # %c = session ID # %l = session line number # %s = session start timestamp # %v = virtual transaction ID # %x = transaction ID (0 if none) # %q = stop here in non-session # processes # %% = '%' # e.g. '<%u%%%d> ' log_lock_waits = on # MIQ Value - used to track possible deadlock issues #log_lock_waits = off # log lock waits >= deadlock_timeout #log_statement = 'none' # none, ddl, mod, all #log_temp_files = -1 # log temporary files equal or larger # than the specified size in kilobytes; # -1 disables, 0 logs all temp files #log_timezone = '(defaults to server environment setting)' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # RUNTIME STATISTICS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Query/Index Statistics Collector - #track_activities = on track_counts = on # MIQ Value; #track_counts = on #track_functions = none # none, pl, all #track_activity_query_size = 1024 # (change requires restart) #update_process_title = on #stats_temp_directory = 'pg_stat_tmp' # - Statistics Monitoring - #log_parser_stats = off #log_planner_stats = off #log_executor_stats = off #log_statement_stats = off #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # AUTOVACUUM PARAMETERS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ autovacuum = on # MIQ Value; #autovacuum = on # Enable autovacuum subprocess? 'on' # requires track_counts to also be on. log_autovacuum_min_duration = 0 # MIQ Value; #log_autovacuum_min_duration = -1 # -1 disables, 0 logs all actions and # their durations, > 0 logs only # actions running at least this number # of milliseconds. autovacuum_max_workers = 1 # max number of autovacuum subprocesses # (change requires restart) autovacuum_naptime = 30min # MIQ Value; #autovacuum_naptime = 1min # time between autovacuum runs autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 500 # MIQ Value; #autovacuum_vacuum_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before # vacuum autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 500 # MIQ Value; #autovacuum_analyze_threshold = 50 # min number of row updates before # analyze autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05 # MIQ Value; #autovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.2 # fraction of table size before vacuum #autovacuum_analyze_scale_factor = 0.1 # fraction of table size before analyze #autovacuum_freeze_max_age = 200000000 # maximum XID age before forced vacuum # (change requires restart) #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_delay = 20ms # default vacuum cost delay for # autovacuum, in milliseconds; # -1 means use vacuum_cost_delay #autovacuum_vacuum_cost_limit = -1 # default vacuum cost limit for # autovacuum, -1 means use # vacuum_cost_limit #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CLIENT CONNECTION DEFAULTS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Statement Behavior - #search_path = '"$user",public' # schema names #default_tablespace = '' # a tablespace name, '' uses the default #temp_tablespaces = '' # a list of tablespace names, '' uses # only default tablespace #check_function_bodies = on #default_transaction_isolation = 'read committed' #default_transaction_read_only = off #default_transaction_deferrable = off #session_replication_role = 'origin' #statement_timeout = 0 # in milliseconds, 0 is disabled #statement_timeout = 43200000 # MIQ statment timeout of 12 hours as a default #vacuum_freeze_min_age = 50000000 #vacuum_freeze_table_age = 150000000 #bytea_output = 'hex' # hex, escape #xmlbinary = 'base64' #xmloption = 'content' # - Locale and Formatting - datestyle = 'iso, mdy' #intervalstyle = 'postgres' #timezone = '(defaults to server environment setting)' #timezone_abbreviations = 'Default' # Select the set of available time zone # abbreviations. Currently, there are # Default # Australia # India # You can create your own file in # share/timezonesets/. #extra_float_digits = 0 # min -15, max 3 #client_encoding = sql_ascii # actually, defaults to database # encoding # These settings are initialized by initdb, but they can be changed. lc_messages = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for system error message # strings lc_monetary = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for monetary formatting lc_numeric = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for number formatting lc_time = 'en_US.UTF-8' # locale for time formatting # default configuration for text search default_text_search_config = 'pg_catalog.english' # - Other Defaults - #dynamic_library_path = '$libdir' #local_preload_libraries = '' #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # LOCK MANAGEMENT #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ deadlock_timeout = 5s # MIQ Value - one second is too low, 5 seconds is more "interesting" #deadlock_timeout = 1s #max_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 # (change requires restart) # Note: Each lock table slot uses ~270 bytes of shared memory, and there are # max_locks_per_transaction * (max_connections + max_prepared_transactions) # lock table slots. #max_pred_locks_per_transaction = 64 # min 10 # (change requires restart) #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # VERSION/PLATFORM COMPATIBILITY #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # - Previous PostgreSQL Versions - #array_nulls = on #backslash_quote = safe_encoding # on, off, or safe_encoding #default_with_oids = off escape_string_warning = off # MIQ Value no sure why this is enabled #escape_string_warning = on #lo_compat_privileges = off #quote_all_identifiers = off #sql_inheritance = on standard_conforming_strings = off # MIQ Value not sure why this is enabled #standard_conforming_strings = on #synchronize_seqscans = on # - Other Platforms and Clients - #transform_null_equals = off #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # ERROR HANDLING #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #exit_on_error = off # terminate session on any error? #restart_after_crash = on # reinitialize after backend crash? #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CUSTOMIZED OPTIONS #------------------------------------------------------------------------------ #custom_variable_classes = '' # list of custom variable class names

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