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Chapter 14. Managing storage for virtual machines

A virtual machine (VM), just like a physical machine, requires storage for data, program, and system files. As a VM administrator, you can assign physical or network-based storage to your VMs as virtual storage. You can also modify how the storage is presented to a VM regardless of the underlying hardware.

The following sections provide information about the different types of VM storage, how they work, and how you can manage them using the CLI or the web console.

14.1. Understanding virtual machine storage

If you are new to virtual machine (VM) storage, or are unsure about how it works, the following sections provide a general overview about the various components of VM storage, how it works, management basics, and the supported solutions provided by Red Hat.

You can find information about:

14.1.1. Introduction to storage pools

A storage pool is a file, directory, or storage device, managed by libvirt to provide storage for virtual machines (VMs). You can divide storage pools into storage volumes, which store VM images or are attached to VMs as additional storage.

Furthermore, multiple VMs can share the same storage pool, allowing for better allocation of storage resources.

Storage pools can be persistent or transient:
- A persistent storage pool survives a system restart of the host machine. You can use the virsh pool-define to create a persistent storage pool.
- A transient storage pool only exists until the host reboots. You can use the virsh pool-create command to create a transient storage pool.

Storage pool storage types

Storage pools can be either local or network-based (shared):

Local storage pools
Local storage pools are attached directly to the host server. They include local directories, directly attached disks, physical partitions, and Logical Volume Management (LVM) volume groups on local devices.
Local storage pools are useful for development, testing, and small deployments that do not require migration or have a large number of VMs.
Networked (shared) storage pools
Networked storage pools include storage devices shared over a network using standard protocols.

14.1.2. Introduction to storage volumes

Storage pools are divided into storage volumes. Storage volumes are abstractions of physical partitions, LVM logical volumes, file-based disk images, and other storage types handled by libvirt. Storage volumes are presented to VMs as local storage devices, such as disks, regardless of the underlying hardware.

On the host machine, a storage volume is referred to by its name and an identifier for the storage pool from which it derives. On the virsh command line, this takes the form --pool storage_pool volume_name.

For example, to display information about a volume named firstimage in the guest_images pool.

# virsh vol-info --pool guest_images firstimage
  Name:             firstimage
  Type:             block
  Capacity:         20.00 GB
  Allocation:       20.00 GB

14.1.3. Storage management using libvirt

Using the libvirt remote protocol, you can manage all aspects of VM storage. These operations can also be performed on a remote host. Consequently, a management application that uses libvirt, such as the RHEL web console, can be used to perform all the required tasks of configuring the storage of a VM.

You can use the libvirt API to query the list of volumes in a storage pool or to get information regarding the capacity, allocation, and available storage in that storage pool. For storage pools that support it, you can also use the libvirt API to create, clone, resize, and delete storage volumes. Furthermore, you can use the libvirt API to upload data to storage volumes, download data from storage volumes, or wipe data from storage volumes.

14.1.4. Overview of storage management

To illustrate the available options for managing storage, the following example talks about a sample NFS server that uses mount -t nfs nfs.example.com:/path/to/share /path/to/data.

As a storage administrator:

You can define an NFS storage pool on the virtualization host to describe the exported server path and the client target path. Consequently, libvirt can mount the storage either automatically when libvirt is started or as needed while libvirt is running.
You can simply add the storage pool and storage volume to a VM by name. You do not need to add the target path to the volume. Therefore, even if the target client path changes, it does not affect the VM.
You can configure storage pools to autostart. When you do so, libvirt automatically mounts the NFS shared disk on the directory which is specified when libvirt is started. libvirt mounts the share on the specified directory, similar to the command mount nfs.example.com:/path/to/share /vmdata.
You can query the storage volume paths using the libvirt API. These storage volumes are basically the files present in the NFS shared disk. You can then copy these paths into the section of a VM’s XML definition that describes the source storage for the VM’s block devices.
In the case of NFS, you can use an application that uses the libvirt API to create and delete storage volumes in the storage pool (files in the NFS share) up to the limit of the size of the pool (the storage capacity of the share).
Note that, not all storage pool types support creating and deleting volumes.
You can stop a storage pool when no longer required. Stopping a storage pool (pool-destroy) undoes the start operation, in this case, unmounting the NFS share. The data on the share is not modified by the destroy operation, despite what the name of the command suggests. For more information, see man virsh.

14.1.5. Supported and unsupported storage pool types

Supported storage pool types

The following is a list of storage pool types supported by RHEL:

Directory-based storage pools
Disk-based storage pools
Partition-based storage pools
iSCSI-based storage pools
LVM-based storage pools
NFS-based storage pools
SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices
Multipath-based storage pools
RBD-based storage pools

Unsupported storage pool types

The following is a list of libvirt storage pool types not supported by RHEL:

Sheepdog-based storage pools
Vstorage-based storage pools
ZFS-based storage pools
iSCSI-direct storage pools
GlusterFS storage pools

14.2. Managing virtual machine storage pools using the CLI

You can use the CLI to manage the following aspects of your storage pools to assign storage to your virtual machines (VMs):

14.2.1. Viewing storage pool information using the CLI

Using the CLI, you can view a list of all storage pools with limited or full details about the storage pools. You can also filter the storage pools listed.

Procedure

Use the virsh pool-list command to view storage pool information.

# virsh pool-list --all --details
 Name                State    Autostart  Persistent    Capacity  Allocation   Available
 default             running  yes        yes          48.97 GiB   23.93 GiB   25.03 GiB
 Downloads           running  yes        yes         175.62 GiB   62.02 GiB  113.60 GiB
 RHEL-Storage-Pool   running  yes        yes         214.62 GiB   93.02 GiB  168.60 GiB

Additional resources

The virsh pool-list --help command

14.2.2. Creating directory-based storage pools using the CLI

A directory-based storage pool is based on a directory in an existing mounted file system. This is useful, for example, when you want to use the remaining space on the file system for other purposes. You can use the virsh utility to create directory-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports directory storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'dir' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, directory pools are supported.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create a directory-type storage pool. For example, to create a storage pool named guest_images_dir that uses the /guest_images directory:
```
# virsh pool-define-as guest_images_dir dir --target "/guest_images"
Pool guest_images_dir defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see Directory-based storage pool parameters.
Create the storage pool target path
Use the virsh pool-build command to create a storage pool target path for a pre-formatted file system storage pool, initialize the storage source device, and define the format of the data.
```
# virsh pool-build guest_images_dir
  Pool guest_images_dir built

# ls -la /guest_images
  total 8
  drwx------.  2 root root 4096 May 31 19:38 .
  dr-xr-xr-x. 25 root root 4096 May 31 19:38 ..
```

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_dir     inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_dir
  Pool guest_images_dir started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_dir
  Pool guest_images_dir marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_dir
  Name:           guest_images_dir
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.3. Creating disk-based storage pools using the CLI

In a disk-based storage pool, the pool is based on a disk partition. This is useful, for example, when you want to have an entire disk partition dedicated as virtual machine (VM) storage. You can use the virsh utility to create disk-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports disk-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'disk' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, disk-based pools are supported.
Prepare a device on which you will base the storage pool. For this purpose, prefer partitions (for example, /dev/sdb1) or LVM volumes. If you provide a VM with write access to an entire disk or block device (for example, /dev/sdb), the VM will likely partition it or create its own LVM groups on it. This can result in system errors on the host.
However, if you require using an entire block device for the storage pool, Red Hat recommends protecting any important partitions on the device from GRUB’s os-prober function. To do so, edit the /etc/default/grub file and apply one of the following configurations:
- Disable os-prober.
```
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true
```
- Prevent os-prober from discovering a specific partition. For example:
```
GRUB_OS_PROBER_SKIP_LIST="5ef6313a-257c-4d43@/dev/sdb1"
```
Back up any data on the selected storage device before creating a storage pool. Depending on the version of libvirt being used, dedicating a disk to a storage pool may reformat and erase all data currently stored on the disk device.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create a disk-type storage pool. The following example creates a storage pool named guest_images_disk that uses the /dev/sdb device and is mounted on the /dev directory.
```
# virsh pool-define-as guest_images_disk disk --source-format=gpt --source-dev=/dev/sdb --target /dev
Pool guest_images_disk defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see Disk-based storage pool parameters.
Create the storage pool target path
Use the virsh pool-build command to create a storage pool target path for a pre-formatted file-system storage pool, initialize the storage source device, and define the format of the data.
```
# virsh pool-build guest_images_disk
  Pool guest_images_disk built
```
Note
Building the target path is only necessary for disk-based, file system-based, and logical storage pools. If libvirt detects that the source storage device’s data format differs from the selected storage pool type, the build fails, unless the overwrite option is specified.

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_disk    inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_disk
  Pool guest_images_disk started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_disk
  Pool guest_images_disk marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_disk
  Name:           guest_images_disk
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.4. Creating filesystem-based storage pools using the CLI

When you want to create a storage pool on a file system that is not mounted, use the filesystem-based storage pool. This storage pool is based on a given file-system mountpoint. You can use the virsh utility to create filesystem-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports filesystem-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'fs' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, file-based pools are supported.
Prepare a device on which you will base the storage pool. For this purpose, prefer partitions (for example, /dev/sdb1) or LVM volumes. If you provide a VM with write access to an entire disk or block device (for example, /dev/sdb), the VM will likely partition it or create its own LVM groups on it. This can result in system errors on the host.
However, if you require using an entire block device for the storage pool, Red Hat recommends protecting any important partitions on the device from GRUB’s os-prober function. To do so, edit the /etc/default/grub file and apply one of the following configurations:
- Disable os-prober.
```
GRUB_DISABLE_OS_PROBER=true
```
- Prevent os-prober from discovering a specific partition. For example:
```
GRUB_OS_PROBER_SKIP_LIST="5ef6313a-257c-4d43@/dev/sdb1"
```

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create a filesystem-type storage pool. For example, to create a storage pool named guest_images_fs that uses the /dev/sdc1 partition, and is mounted on the /guest_images directory:
```
# virsh pool-define-as guest_images_fs fs --source-dev /dev/sdc1 --target /guest_images
Pool guest_images_fs defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see Filesystem-based storage pool parameters.
Define the storage pool target path
Use the virsh pool-build command to create a storage pool target path for a pre-formatted file-system storage pool, initialize the storage source device, and define the format of the data.
```
# virsh pool-build guest_images_fs
  Pool guest_images_fs built

# ls -la /guest_images
  total 8
  drwx------.  2 root root 4096 May 31 19:38 .
  dr-xr-xr-x. 25 root root 4096 May 31 19:38 ..
```

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_fs      inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_fs
  Pool guest_images_fs started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
Optional: Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_fs
  Pool guest_images_fs marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_fs
  Name:           guest_images_fs
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

Verify there is a lost+found directory in the target path on the file system, indicating that the device is mounted.

# mount | grep /guest_images
  /dev/sdc1 on /guest_images type ext4 (rw)

# ls -la /guest_images
  total 24
  drwxr-xr-x.  3 root root  4096 May 31 19:47 .
  dr-xr-xr-x. 25 root root  4096 May 31 19:38 ..
  drwx------.  2 root root 16384 May 31 14:18 lost+found

14.2.5. Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the CLI

Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI) is an IP-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities. If you want to have a storage pool on an iSCSI server, you can use the virsh utility to create iSCSI-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports iSCSI-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'iscsi' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, iSCSI-based pools are supported.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create an iSCSI-type storage pool. For example, to create a storage pool named guest_images_iscsi that uses the iqn.2010-05.com.example.server1:iscsirhel7guest IQN on the server1.example.com, and is mounted on the /dev/disk/by-path path:
```
# virsh pool-define-as --name guest_images_iscsi --type iscsi --source-host server1.example.com --source-dev iqn.2010-05.com.example.server1:iscsirhel7guest --target /dev/disk/by-path
Pool guest_images_iscsi defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see iSCSI-based storage pool parameters.

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_iscsi   inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_iscsi
  Pool guest_images_iscsi started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_iscsi
  Pool guest_images_iscsi marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_iscsi
  Name:           guest_images_iscsi
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.6. Creating LVM-based storage pools using the CLI

If you want to have a storage pool that is part of an LVM volume group, you can use the virsh utility to create LVM-based storage pools.

Recommendations

Be aware of the following before creating an LVM-based storage pool:

LVM-based storage pools do not provide the full flexibility of LVM.
libvirt supports thin logical volumes, but does not provide the features of thin storage pools.
LVM-based storage pools are volume groups. You can create volume groups using the virsh utility, but this way you can only have one device in the created volume group. To create a volume group with multiple devices, use the LVM utility instead, see How to create a volume group in Linux with LVM.
For more detailed information about volume groups, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Logical Volume Manager Administration Guide.
LVM-based storage pools require a full disk partition. If you activate a new partition or device using virsh commands, the partition will be formatted and all data will be erased. If you are using a host’s existing volume group, as in these procedures, nothing will be erased.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports LVM-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'logical' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, LVM-based pools are supported.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create an LVM-type storage pool. For example, the following command creates a storage pool named guest_images_lvm that uses the lvm_vg volume group and is mounted on the /dev/lvm_vg directory:
```
# virsh pool-define-as guest_images_lvm logical --source-name lvm_vg --target /dev/lvm_vg
Pool guest_images_lvm defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see LVM-based storage pool parameters.

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                   State      Autostart
  -------------------------------------------
  default                active     yes
  guest_images_lvm       inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_lvm
  Pool guest_images_lvm started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_lvm
  Pool guest_images_lvm marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_lvm
  Name:           guest_images_lvm
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.7. Creating NFS-based storage pools using the CLI

If you want to have a storage pool on a Network File System (NFS) server, you can use the virsh utility to create NFS-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports NFS-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "<value>nfs</value>"
```
If the command displays any output, NFS-based pools are supported.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create an NFS-type storage pool. For example, to create a storage pool named guest_images_netfs that uses a NFS server with IP 111.222.111.222 mounted on the server directory /home/net_mount using the target directory /var/lib/libvirt/images/nfspool:
```
# virsh pool-define-as --name guest_images_netfs --type netfs --source-host='111.222.111.222' --source-path='/home/net_mount' --source-format='nfs' --target='/var/lib/libvirt/images/nfspool'
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see NFS-based storage pool parameters.

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_netfs   inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_netfs
  Pool guest_images_netfs started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_netfs
  Pool guest_images_netfs marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_netfs
  Name:           guest_images_netfs
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.8. Creating SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices using the CLI

If you want to have a storage pool on a Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) device, your host must be able to connect to the SCSI device using a virtual host bus adapter (vHBA). You can then use the virsh utility to create SCSI-based storage pools.

Prerequisites

Ensure your hypervisor supports SCSI-based storage pools:
```
# virsh pool-capabilities | grep "'scsi' supported='yes'"
```
If the command displays any output, SCSI-based pools are supported.
Before creating a SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices, create a vHBA. For more information, see Creating vHBAs.

Procedure

Create a storage pool
Use the virsh pool-define-as command to define and create SCSI storage pool using a vHBA. For example, the following creates a storage pool named guest_images_vhba that uses a vHBA identified by the scsi_host3 parent adapter, world-wide port number 5001a4ace3ee047d, and world-wide node number 5001a4a93526d0a1. The storage pool is mounted on the /dev/disk/ directory:
```
# virsh pool-define-as guest_images_vhba scsi --adapter-parent scsi_host3 --adapter-wwnn 5001a4a93526d0a1 --adapter-wwpn 5001a4ace3ee047d --target /dev/disk/
Pool guest_images_vhba defined
```
If you already have an XML configuration of the storage pool you want to create, you can also define the pool based on the XML. For details, see Parameters for SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices.

Verify that the pool was created

Use the virsh pool-list command to verify that the pool was created.

# virsh pool-list --all

  Name                 State      Autostart
  -----------------------------------------
  default              active     yes
  guest_images_vhba    inactive   no

Start the storage pool
Use the virsh pool-start command to mount the storage pool.
```
# virsh pool-start guest_images_vhba
  Pool guest_images_vhba started
```
Note
The virsh pool-start command is only necessary for persistent storage pools. Transient storage pools are automatically started when they are created.
[Optional] Turn on autostart
By default, a storage pool defined with the virsh command is not set to automatically start each time virtualization services start. Use the virsh pool-autostart command to configure the storage pool to autostart.
```
# virsh pool-autostart guest_images_vhba
  Pool guest_images_vhba marked as autostarted
```

Verification

Use the virsh pool-info command to verify that the storage pool is in the running state. Check if the sizes reported are as expected and if autostart is configured correctly.

# virsh pool-info guest_images_vhba
  Name:           guest_images_vhba
  UUID:           c7466869-e82a-a66c-2187-dc9d6f0877d0
  State:          running
  Persistent:     yes
  Autostart:      yes
  Capacity:       458.39 GB
  Allocation:     197.91 MB
  Available:      458.20 GB

14.2.9. Deleting storage pools using the CLI

To remove a storage pool from your host system, you must stop the pool and remove its XML definition.

Procedure

List the defined storage pools using the virsh pool-list command.

# virsh pool-list --all
Name                 State      Autostart
-------------------------------------------
default              active     yes
Downloads            active     yes
RHEL-Storage-Pool   active     yes

Stop the storage pool you want to delete using the virsh pool-destroy command.
```
# virsh pool-destroy Downloads
Pool Downloads destroyed
```
Optional: For some types of storage pools, you can remove the directory where the storage pool resides using the virsh pool-delete command. Note that to do so, the directory must be empty.
```
# virsh pool-delete Downloads
Pool Downloads deleted
```
Delete the definition of the storage pool using the virsh pool-undefine command.
```
# virsh pool-undefine Downloads
Pool Downloads has been undefined
```

Verification

Confirm that the storage pool was deleted.

# virsh pool-list --all
Name                 State      Autostart
-------------------------------------------
default              active     yes
rhel-Storage-Pool   active     yes

14.3. Managing virtual machine storage pools using the web console

Using the RHEL web console, you can manage the storage pools to assign storage to your virtual machines (VMs).

You can use the web console to:

14.3.1. Viewing storage pool information using the web console

Using the web console, you can view detailed information about storage pools available on your system. Storage pools can be used to create disk images for your virtual machines.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

Click Storage Pools at the top of the Virtual Machines interface.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools.
The information includes the following:
- Name - The name of the storage pool.
- Size - The current allocation and the total capacity of the storage pool.
- Connection - The connection used to access the storage pool.
- State - The state of the storage pool.
Click the arrow next to the storage pool whose information you want to see.
The row expands to reveal the Overview pane with detailed information about the selected storage pool.
The information includes:
- Target path - The source for the types of storage pools backed by directories, such as dir or netfs.
- Persistent - Indicates whether or not the storage pool has a persistent configuration.
- Autostart - Indicates whether or not the storage pool starts automatically when the system boots up.
- Type - The type of the storage pool.
To view a list of storage volumes associated with the storage pool, click Storage Volumes.
The Storage Volumes pane appears, showing a list of configured storage volumes.
The information includes:
- Name - The name of the storage volume.
- Used by - The VM that is currently using the storage volume.
- Size - The size of the volume.

Additional resources

Viewing virtual machine information using the web console

14.3.2. Creating directory-based storage pools using the web console

A directory-based storage pool is based on a directory in an existing mounted file system. This is useful, for example, when you want to use the remaining space on the file system for other purposes.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the RHEL web console, click Storage pools in the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools, if any.
Click Create storage pool.
The Create storage pool dialog appears.
Enter a name for the storage pool.
In the Type drop down menu, select Filesystem directory.
Note
If you do not see the Filesystem directory option in the drop down menu, then your hypervisor does not support directory-based storage pools.
Enter the following information:
- Target path - The source for the types of storage pools backed by directories, such as dir or netfs.
- Startup - Whether or not the storage pool starts when the host boots.
Click Create.
The storage pool is created, the Create Storage Pool dialog closes, and the new storage pool appears in the list of storage pools.

Additional resources

14.3.3. Creating NFS-based storage pools using the web console

An NFS-based storage pool is based on a file system that is hosted on a server.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the RHEL web console, click Storage pools in the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools, if any.
Click Create storage pool.
The Create storage pool dialog appears.
Enter a name for the storage pool.
In the Type drop down menu, select Network file system.
Note
If you do not see the Network file system option in the drop down menu, then your hypervisor does not support nfs-based storage pools.
Enter the rest of the information:
- Target path - The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.
- Host - The hostname of the network server where the mount point is located. This can be a hostname or an IP address.
- Source path - The directory used on the network server.
- Startup - Whether or not the storage pool starts when the host boots.
Click Create.
The storage pool is created. The Create storage pool dialog closes, and the new storage pool appears in the list of storage pools.

Additional resources

14.3.4. Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the web console

An iSCSI-based storage pool is based on the Internet Small Computer Systems Interface (iSCSI), an IP-based storage networking standard for linking data storage facilities.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the RHEL web console, click Storage pools in the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools, if any.
Click Create storage pool.
The Create storage pool dialog appears.
Enter a name for the storage pool.
In the Type drop down menu, select iSCSI target.
Enter the rest of the information:
- Target Path - The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.
- Host - The hostname or IP address of the ISCSI server.
- Source path - The unique iSCSI Qualified Name (IQN) of the iSCSI target.
- Startup - Whether or not the storage pool starts when the host boots.
Click Create.
The storage pool is created. The Create storage pool dialog closes, and the new storage pool appears in the list of storage pools.

Additional resources

14.3.5. Creating disk-based storage pools using the web console

A disk-based storage pool uses entire disk partitions.

Warning

Depending on the version of libvirt being used, dedicating a disk to a storage pool may reformat and erase all data currently stored on the disk device. It is strongly recommended that you back up the data on the storage device before creating a storage pool.
When whole disks or block devices are passed to the VM, the VM will likely partition it or create its own LVM groups on it. This can cause the host machine to detect these partitions or LVM groups and cause errors.
These errors can also occur when you manually create partitions or LVM groups and pass them to the VM.
To avoid theses errors, use file-based storage pools instead.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the RHEL web console, click Storage pools in the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools, if any.
Click Create storage pool.
The Create storage pool dialog appears.
Enter a name for the storage pool.
In the Type drop down menu, select Physical disk device.
Note
If you do not see the Physical disk device option in the drop down menu, then your hypervisor does not support disk-based storage pools.
Enter the rest of the information:
- Target Path - The path specifying the target device. This will be the path used for the storage pool.
- Source path - The path specifying the storage device. For example, /dev/sdb.
- Format - The type of the partition table.
- Startup - Whether or not the storage pool starts when the host boots.
Click Create.
The storage pool is created. The Create storage pool dialog closes, and the new storage pool appears in the list of storage pools.

Additional resources

14.3.6. Creating LVM-based storage pools using the web console

An LVM-based storage pool is based on volume groups, which you can manage using the Logical Volume Manager (LVM). A volume group is a combination of multiple physical volumes that creates a single storage structure.

Note

LVM-based storage pools do not provide the full flexibility of LVM.
libvirt supports thin logical volumes, but does not provide the features of thin storage pools.
LVM-based storage pools require a full disk partition. If you activate a new partition or device using virsh commands, the partition will be formatted and all data will be erased. If you are using a host’s existing volume group, as in these procedures, nothing will be erased.
To create a volume group with multiple devices, use the LVM utility instead, see How to create a volume group in Linux with LVM.
For more detailed information about volume groups, refer to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Logical Volume Manager Administration Guide.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the RHEL web console, click Storage pools in the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools, if any.
Click Create storage pool.
The Create storage pool dialog appears.
Enter a name for the storage pool.
In the Type drop down menu, select LVM volume group.
Note
If you do not see the LVM volume group option in the drop down menu, then your hypervisor does not support LVM-based storage pools.
Enter the rest of the information:
- Source volume group - The name of the LVM volume group that you wish to use.
- Startup - Whether or not the storage pool starts when the host boots.
Click Create.
The storage pool is created. The Create storage pool dialog closes, and the new storage pool appears in the list of storage pools.

Additional resources

14.3.7. Removing storage pools using the web console

You can remove storage pools to free up resources on the host or on the network to improve system performance. Deleting storage pools also frees up resources that can then be used by other virtual machines (VMs).

Important

Unless explicitly specified, deleting a storage pool does not simultaneously delete the storage volumes inside that pool.

To temporarily deactivate a storage pool instead of deleting it, see Deactivating storage pools using the web console

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.
Detach the disk from the VM.
If you want to delete the associated storage volumes along with the pool, activate the pool.

Procedure

Click Storage Pools on the Virtual Machines tab.
The Storage Pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools.
Click the Menu button ⋮ of the storage pool you want to delete and click Delete.
A confirmation dialog appears.
Optional: To delete the storage volumes inside the pool, select the corresponding check boxes in the dialog.
Click Delete.
The storage pool is deleted. If you had selected the checkbox in the previous step, the associated storage volumes are deleted as well.

Additional resources

14.3.8. Deactivating storage pools using the web console

If you do not want to permanently delete a storage pool, you can temporarily deactivate it instead.

When you deactivate a storage pool, no new volumes can be created in that pool. However, any virtual machines (VMs) that have volumes in that pool will continue to run. This is useful for a number of reasons, for example, you can limit the number of volumes that can be created in a pool to increase system performance.

To deactivate a storage pool using the RHEL web console, see the following procedure.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

Click Storage Pools at the top of the Virtual Machines tab. The Storage Pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools.
Click Deactivate on the storage pool row.
The storage pool is deactivated.

Additional resources

14.4. Parameters for creating storage pools

Based on the type of storage pool you require, you can modify its XML configuration file and define a specific type of storage pool. This section provides information about the XML parameters required for creating various types of storage pools along with examples.

14.4.1. Directory-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify a directory-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_dir

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for a directory-based storage pool.

Table 14.1. Directory-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='dir'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path>target_path</path> </target>`

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a storage pool based on the /guest_images directory:

<pool type='dir'>
  <name>dirpool</name>
  <target>
    <path>/guest_images</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating directory-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.2. Disk-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify a disk-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_disk

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for a disk-based storage pool.

Table 14.2. Disk-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='disk'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The path specifying the storage device. For example, `/dev/sdb`.	`<source> <path>source_path</path> </source>`
The path specifying the target device. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path>target_path</path> </target>`

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a disk-based storage pool:

<pool type='disk'>
  <name>phy_disk</name>
  <source>
    <device path='/dev/sdb'/>
    <format type='gpt'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating disk-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.3. Filesystem-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify a filesystem-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_fs

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for a filesystem-based storage pool.

Table 14.3. Filesystem-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='fs'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The path specifying the partition. For example, `/dev/sdc1`	`<source> <device path=device_path />`
The file system type, for example ext4.	`<format type=fs_type /> </source>`
The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path>path-to-pool</path> </target>`

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a storage pool based on the /dev/sdc1 partition:

<pool type='fs'>
  <name>guest_images_fs</name>
  <source>
    <device path='/dev/sdc1'/>
    <format type='auto'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/guest_images</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating filesystem-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.4. iSCSI-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify an iSCSI-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_iscsi

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for an iSCSI-based storage pool.

Table 14.4. iSCSI-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='iscsi'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The name of the host	`<source> <host name=hostname />`
The iSCSI IQN	`<device path= iSCSI_IQN /> </source>`
The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path>/dev/disk/by-path</path> </target>`
[Optional] The IQN of the iSCSI initiator. This is only needed when the ACL restricts the LUN to a particular initiator.	`<initiator> <iqn name='initiator0' /> </initiator>`

Note

The IQN of the iSCSI initiator can be determined using the virsh find-storage-pool-sources-as iscsi command.

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a storage pool based on the specified iSCSI device:

<pool type='iscsi'>
  <name>iSCSI_pool</name>
  <source>
    <host name='server1.example.com'/>
    <device path='iqn.2010-05.com.example.server1:iscsirhel7guest'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev/disk/by-path</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.5. LVM-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify an LVM-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_logical

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for a LVM-based storage pool.

Table 14.5. LVM-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='logical'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The path to the device for the storage pool	<source> <device path='device_path' />`
The name of the volume group	`<name>VG-name</name>`
The virtual group format	`<format type='lvm2' /> </source>`
The target path	`<target> <path=target_path /> </target>`

Note

If the logical volume group is made of multiple disk partitions, there may be multiple source devices listed. For example:

<source>
  <device path='/dev/sda1'/>
  <device path='/dev/sdb3'/>
  <device path='/dev/sdc2'/>
  ...
</source>

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a storage pool based on the specified LVM:

<pool type='logical'>
  <name>guest_images_lvm</name>
  <source>
    <device path='/dev/sdc'/>
    <name>libvirt_lvm</name>
    <format type='lvm2'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev/libvirt_lvm</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating LVM-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.6. NFS-based storage pool parameters

When you want to create or modify an NFS-based storage pool using an XML configuration file, you must include certain required parameters. See the following table for more information about these parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_netfs

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for an NFS-based storage pool.

Table 14.6. NFS-based storage pool parameters

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='netfs'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The hostname of the network server where the mount point is located. This can be a hostname or an IP address.	`<source> <host name=hostname` `/>`
The format of the storage pool	One of the following: `<format type='nfs' />` `<format type='cifs' />`
The directory used on the network server	`<dir path=source_path` `/> </source>`
The path specifying the target. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path>target_path</path> </target>`

Example

The following is an example of an XML file for a storage pool based on the /home/net_mount directory of the file_server NFS server:

<pool type='netfs'>
  <name>nfspool</name>
  <source>
    <host name='file_server'/>
    <format type='nfs'/>
    <dir path='/home/net_mount'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/var/lib/libvirt/images/nfspool</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating NFS-based storage pools using the CLI

14.4.7. Parameters for SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices

To create or modify an XML configuration file for a SCSi-based storage pool that uses a virtual host adapter bus (vHBA) device, you must include certain required parameters in the XML configuration file. See the following table for more information about the required parameters.

You can use the virsh pool-define command to create a storage pool based on the XML configuration in a specified file. For example:

# virsh pool-define ~/guest_images.xml
  Pool defined from guest_images_vhba

Parameters

The following table provides a list of required parameters for the XML file for a SCSI-based storage pool with vHBA.

Table 14.7. Parameters for SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices

Description	XML
The type of storage pool	`<pool type='scsi'>`
The name of the storage pool	`<name>name</name>`
The identifier of the vHBA. The `parent` attribute is optional.	`<source> <adapter type='fc_host' [parent=parent_scsi_device] wwnn='WWNN' wwpn='WWPN' /> </source>`
The target path. This will be the path used for the storage pool.	`<target> <path=target_path /> </target>`

Important

When the <path> field is /dev/, libvirt generates a unique short device path for the volume device path. For example, /dev/sdc. Otherwise, the physical host path is used. For example, /dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:10:00.0-fc-0x5006016044602198-lun-0. The unique short device path allows the same volume to be listed in multiple virtual machines (VMs) by multiple storage pools. If the physical host path is used by multiple VMs, duplicate device type warnings may occur.

Note

The parent attribute can be used in the <adapter> field to identify the physical HBA parent from which the NPIV LUNs by varying paths can be used. This field, scsi_hostN, is combined with the vports and max_vports attributes to complete the parent identification. The parent, parent_wwnn, parent_wwpn, or parent_fabric_wwn attributes provide varying degrees of assurance that after the host reboots the same HBA is used.

If no parent is specified, libvirt uses the first scsi_hostN adapter that supports NPIV.
If only the parent is specified, problems can arise if additional SCSI host adapters are added to the configuration.
If parent_wwnn or parent_wwpn is specified, after the host reboots the same HBA is used.
If parent_fabric_wwn is used, after the host reboots an HBA on the same fabric is selected, regardless of the scsi_hostN used.

Examples

The following are examples of XML files for SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA.

A storage pool that is the only storage pool on the HBA:

<pool type='scsi'>
  <name>vhbapool_host3</name>
  <source>
    <adapter type='fc_host' wwnn='5001a4a93526d0a1' wwpn='5001a4ace3ee047d'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev/disk/by-path</path>
  </target>
</pool>

A storage pool that is one of several storage pools that use a single vHBA and uses the parent attribute to identify the SCSI host device:

<pool type='scsi'>
  <name>vhbapool_host3</name>
  <source>
    <adapter type='fc_host' parent='scsi_host3' wwnn='5001a4a93526d0a1' wwpn='5001a4ace3ee047d'/>
  </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev/disk/by-path</path>
  </target>
</pool>

Additional resources

Creating SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices using the CLI

14.5. Managing virtual machine storage volumes using the CLI

You can use the CLI to manage the following aspects of your storage volumes to assign storage to your virtual machines (VMs):

14.5.1. Viewing storage volume information using the CLI

Using the command line, you can view a list of all storage pools available on your host, as well as details about a specified storage pool

Procedure

Use the virsh vol-list command to list the storage volumes in a specified storage pool.

# virsh vol-list --pool RHEL-Storage-Pool --details
 Name                Path                                               Type   Capacity  Allocation
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 .bash_history       /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_history       file  18.70 KiB   20.00 KiB
 .bash_logout        /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_logout        file    18.00 B    4.00 KiB
 .bash_profile       /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_profile       file   193.00 B    4.00 KiB
 .bashrc             /home/VirtualMachines/.bashrc             file   1.29 KiB    4.00 KiB
 .git-prompt.sh      /home/VirtualMachines/.git-prompt.sh      file  15.84 KiB   16.00 KiB
 .gitconfig          /home/VirtualMachines/.gitconfig          file   167.00 B    4.00 KiB
 RHEL_Volume.qcow2   /home/VirtualMachines/RHEL8_Volume.qcow2  file  60.00 GiB   13.93 GiB

Use the virsh vol-info command to list the storage volumes in a specified storage pool.

# vol-info --pool RHEL-Storage-Pool --vol RHEL_Volume.qcow2
Name:           RHEL_Volume.qcow2
Type:           file
Capacity:       60.00 GiB
Allocation:     13.93 GiB

14.5.2. Creating and assigning storage volumes using the CLI

To obtain a disk image and attach it to a virtual machine (VM) as a virtual disk, create a storage volume and assign its XML configuration to a the VM.

Prerequisites

A storage pool with unallocated space is present on the host.

To verify, list the storage pools on the host:

# virsh pool-list --details

Name               State     Autostart   Persistent   Capacity     Allocation   Available
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
default            running   yes         yes          48.97 GiB    36.34 GiB    12.63 GiB
Downloads          running   yes         yes          175.92 GiB   121.20 GiB   54.72 GiB
VM-disks           running   yes         yes          175.92 GiB   121.20 GiB   54.72 GiB

If you do not have an existing storage pool, create one. For more information, see Managing storage for virtual machines.

Procedure

Create a storage volume using the virsh vol-create-as command. For example, to create a 20 GB qcow2 volume based on the guest-images-fs storage pool:
```
# virsh vol-create-as --pool guest-images-fs --name vm-disk1 --capacity 20 --format qcow2
```
Important: Specific storage pool types do not support the virsh vol-create-as command and instead require specific processes to create storage volumes:
- iSCSI-based - Prepare the iSCSI LUNs in advance on the iSCSI server.
- Multipath-based - Use the multipathd command to prepare or manage the multipath.
- vHBA-based - Prepare the fibre channel card in advance.

Create an XML file, and add the following lines in it. This file will be used to add the storage volume as a disk to a VM.

<disk type='volume' device='disk'>
    <driver name='qemu' type='qcow2'/>
    <source pool='guest-images-fs' volume='vm-disk1'/>
    <target dev='hdk' bus='ide'/>
</disk>

This example specifies a virtual disk that uses the vm-disk1 volume, created in the previous step, and sets the volume to be set up as disk hdk on an ide bus. Modify the respective parameters as appropriate for your environment.

Important: With specific storage pool types, you must use different XML formats to describe a storage volume disk.

For multipath-based pools:

<disk type='block' device='disk'>
<driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
<source dev='/dev/mapper/mpatha' />
<target dev='sda' bus='scsi'/>
</disk>

For RBD-based storage pools:

  <disk type='network' device='disk'>
    <driver name='qemu' type='raw'/>
    <source protocol='rbd' name='pool/image'>
      <host name='mon1.example.org' port='6321'/>
    </source>
    <target dev='vdc' bus='virtio'/>
  </disk>

Use the XML file to assign the storage volume as a disk to a VM. For example, to assign a disk defined in ~/vm-disk1.xml to the testguest1 VM, use the following command:
```
# virsh attach-device --config testguest1 ~/vm-disk1.xml
```

Verification

In the guest operating system of the VM, confirm that the disk image has become available as an un-formatted and un-allocated disk.

14.5.3. Deleting storage volumes using the CLI

To remove a storage volume from your host system, you must stop the pool and remove its XML definition.

Prerequisites

Any virtual machine that uses the storage volume you want to delete is shut down.

Procedure

Use the virsh vol-list command to list the storage volumes in a specified storage pool.

# virsh vol-list --pool RHEL-SP
 Name                 Path
---------------------------------------------------------------
 .bash_history        /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_history
 .bash_logout         /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_logout
 .bash_profile        /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_profile
 .bashrc              /home/VirtualMachines/.bashrc
 .git-prompt.sh       /home/VirtualMachines/.git-prompt.sh
 .gitconfig           /home/VirtualMachines/.gitconfig
 vm-disk1             /home/VirtualMachines/vm-disk1

Optional: Use the virsh vol-wipe command to wipe a storage volume. For example, to wipe a storage volume named vm-disk1 associated with the storage pool RHEL-SP:
```
# virsh vol-wipe --pool RHEL-SP vm-disk1
Vol vm-disk1 wiped
```
Use the virsh vol-delete command to delete a storage volume. For example, to delete a storage volume named vm-disk1 associated with the storage pool RHEL-SP:
```
# virsh vol-delete --pool RHEL-SP vm-disk1
Vol vm-disk1 deleted
```

Verification

Use the virsh vol-list command again to verify that the storage volume was deleted.

# virsh vol-list --pool RHEL-SP
 Name                 Path
---------------------------------------------------------------
 .bash_history        /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_history
 .bash_logout         /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_logout
 .bash_profile        /home/VirtualMachines/.bash_profile
 .bashrc              /home/VirtualMachines/.bashrc
 .git-prompt.sh       /home/VirtualMachines/.git-prompt.sh
 .gitconfig           /home/VirtualMachines/.gitconfig

14.6. Managing virtual machine storage volumes using the web console

Using the RHEL, you can manage the storage volumes used to allocate storage to your virtual machines (VMs).

You can use the RHEL web console to:

14.6.1. Creating storage volumes using the web console

To create a functioning virtual machine (VM) you require a local storage device assigned to the VM that can store the VM image and VM-related data. You can create a storage volume in a storage pool and assign it to a VM as a storage disk.

To create storage volumes using the web console, see the following procedure.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

Click Storage Pools at the top of the Virtual Machines tab. The Storage Pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools.
In the Storage Pools window, click the storage pool from which you want to create a storage volume.
The row expands to reveal the Overview pane with basic information about the selected storage pool.
Click Storage Volumes next to the Overview tab in the expanded row.
The Storage Volume tab appears with basic information about existing storage volumes, if any.
Click Create Volume.
The Create storage volume dialog appears.
Enter the following information in the Create Storage Volume dialog:
- Name - The name of the storage volume.
- Size - The size of the storage volume in MiB or GiB.
- Format - The format of the storage volume. The supported types are qcow2 and raw.
Click Create.
The storage volume is created, the Create Storage Volume dialog closes, and the new storage volume appears in the list of storage volumes.

Additional resources

14.6.2. Removing storage volumes using the web console

You can remove storage volumes to free up space in the storage pool, or to remove storage items associated with defunct virtual machines (VMs).

To remove storage volumes using the RHEL web console, see the following procedure.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.
Any virtual machine that uses the storage volume you want to delete is shut down.

Procedure

Click Storage Pools at the top of the Virtual Machines tab. The Storage Pools window appears, showing a list of configured storage pools.
In the Storage Pools window, click the storage pool from which you want to remove a storage volume.
The row expands to reveal the Overview pane with basic information about the selected storage pool.
Click Storage Volumes next to the Overview tab in the expanded row.
The Storage Volume tab appears with basic information about existing storage volumes, if any.
Select the storage volume you want to remove.
Click Delete 1 Volume

Additional resources

Understanding storage volumes

14.7. Managing virtual machine storage disks using the web console

Using RHEL, you can manage the storage disks that are attached to your virtual machines (VMs).

You can use the RHEL web console to:

14.7.1. Viewing virtual machine disk information in the web console

Using the web console, you can view detailed information about disks assigned to a selected virtual machine (VM).

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

Click the VM whose information you want to see.
A new page opens with an Overview section with basic information about the selected VM and a Console section to access the VM’s graphical interface.
Scroll to Disks.
The Disks section displays information about the disks assigned to the VM as well as options to Add, Remove, or Edit disks.

The information includes the following:

Device - The device type of the disk.
Used - The amount of disk currently allocated.
Capacity - The maximum size of the storage volume.
Bus - The type of disk device that is emulated.
Access - Whether the disk is Writeable or Read-only. For raw disks, you can also set the access to Writeable and shared.
Source - The disk device or file.

Additional resources

Viewing virtual machine information using the web console

14.7.2. Adding new disks to virtual machines using the web console

You can add new disks to virtual machines (VMs) by creating a new storage volume and attaching it to a VM using the RHEL 9 web console.

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the Virtual Machines interface, click the VM for which you want to create and attach a new disk.
A new page opens with an Overview section with basic information about the selected VM and a Console section to access the VM’s graphical interface.
Scroll to Disks.
The Disks section displays information about the disks assigned to the VM as well as options to Add, Remove, or Edit disks.
Click Add Disk.
The Add Disk dialog appears.
Select the Create New option.
Configure the new disk.
- Pool - Select the storage pool from which the virtual disk will be created.
- Name - Enter a name for the virtual disk that will be created.
- Size - Enter the size and select the unit (MiB or GiB) of the virtual disk that will be created.
- Format - Select the format for the virtual disk that will be created. The supported types are qcow2 and raw.
- Persistence - If checked, the virtual disk is persistent. If not checked, the virtual disk is transient.
  Note
  Transient disks can only be added to VMs that are running.
- Additional Options - Set additional configurations for the virtual disk.
  - Cache - Select the cache mechanism.
  - Bus - Select the type of disk device to emulate.
Click Add.
The virtual disk is created and connected to the VM.

Additional resources

14.7.3. Attaching existing disks to virtual machines using the web console

Using the web console, you can attach existing storage volumes as disks to a virtual machine (VM).

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the Virtual Machines interface, click the VM for which you want to create and attach a new disk.
A new page opens with an Overview section with basic information about the selected VM and a Console section to access the VM’s graphical interface.
Scroll to Disks.
The Disks section displays information about the disks assigned to the VM as well as options to Add, Remove, or Edit disks.
Click Add Disk.
The Add Disk dialog appears.
Click the Use Existing radio button.
The appropriate configuration fields appear in the Add Disk dialog.
Configure the disk for the VM.
- Pool - Select the storage pool from which the virtual disk will be attached.
- Volume - Select the storage volume that will be attached.
- Persistence - Available when the VM is running. Select the Always attach checkbox to make the virtual disk persistent. Clear the checkbox to make the virtual disk transient.
- Additional Options - Set additional configurations for the virtual disk.
  - Cache - Select the cache mechanism.
  - Bus - Select the type of disk device to emulate.
Click Add
The selected virtual disk is attached to the VM.

Additional resources

14.7.4. Detaching disks from virtual machines using the web console

Using the web console, you can detach disks from virtual machines (VMs).

Prerequisites

The web console VM plug-in is installed on your system.

Procedure

In the Virtual Machines interface, click the VM from which you want to detach a disk.
A new page opens with an Overview section with basic information about the selected VM and a Console section to access the VM’s graphical interface.
Scroll to Disks.
The Disks section displays information about the disks assigned to the VM as well as options to Add, Remove, or Edit disks.
Click the Remove button next to the disk you want to detach from the VM. A Remove Disk confirmation dialog box appears.
In the confirmation dialog box, click Remove.
The virtual disk is detached from the VM.

Additional resources

14.8. Securing iSCSI storage pools with libvirt secrets

User name and password parameters can be configured with virsh to secure an iSCSI storage pool. You can configure this before or after you define the pool, but the pool must be started for the authentication settings to take effect.

The following provides instructions for securing iSCSI-based storage pools with libvirt secrets.

Note

This procedure is required if a user_ID and password were defined when creating the iSCSI target.

Prerequisites

Ensure that you have created an iSCSI-based storage pool. For more information, see Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the CLI.

Procedure

Create a libvirt secret file with a challenge-handshake authentication protocol (CHAP) user name. For example:

<secret ephemeral='no' private='yes'>
    <description>Passphrase for the iSCSI example.com server</description>
    <usage type='iscsi'>
        <target>iscsirhel7secret</target>
    </usage>
</secret>

Define the libvirt secret with the virsh secret-define command.
# virsh secret-define secret.xml

Verify the UUID with the virsh secret-list command.

# virsh secret-list
UUID                                  Usage
-------------------------------------------------------------------
2d7891af-20be-4e5e-af83-190e8a922360  iscsi iscsirhel7secret

Assign a secret to the UUID in the output of the previous step using the virsh secret-set-value command. This ensures that the CHAP username and password are in a libvirt-controlled secret list. For example:
```
# virsh secret-set-value --interactive 2d7891af-20be-4e5e-af83-190e8a922360
Enter new value for secret:
Secret value set
```
Add an authentication entry in the storage pool’s XML file using the virsh edit command, and add an <auth> element, specifying authentication type, username, and secret usage.
For example:
```
<pool type='iscsi'>
  <name>iscsirhel7pool</name>
    <source>
       <host name='192.168.122.1'/>
       <device path='iqn.2010-05.com.example.server1:iscsirhel7guest'/>
       <auth type='chap' username='redhat'>
          <secret usage='iscsirhel7secret'/>
       </auth>
    </source>
  <target>
    <path>/dev/disk/by-path</path>
  </target>
</pool>
```
Note
The <auth> sub-element exists in different locations within the virtual machine’s <pool> and <disk> XML elements. For a <pool>, <auth> is specified within the <source> element, as this describes where to find the pool sources, since authentication is a property of some pool sources (iSCSI and RBD). For a <disk>, which is a sub-element of a domain, the authentication to the iSCSI or RBD disk is a property of the disk. In addition, the <auth> sub-element for a disk differs from that of a storage pool.
```
<auth username='redhat'>
  <secret type='iscsi' usage='iscsirhel7secret'/>
</auth>
```
To activate the changes, activate the storage pool. If the pool has already been started, stop and restart the storage pool:
```
# virsh pool-destroy iscsirhel7pool
# virsh pool-start iscsirhel7pool
```

14.9. Creating vHBAs

A virtual host bus adapter (vHBA) device connects the host system to an SCSI device and is required for creating an SCSI-based storage pool.

You can create a vHBA device by defining it in an XML configuration file.

Procedure

Locate the HBAs on your host system, using the virsh nodedev-list --cap vports command.
The following example shows a host that has two HBAs that support vHBA:
```
# virsh nodedev-list --cap vports
scsi_host3
scsi_host4
```

View the HBA’s details, using the virsh nodedev-dumpxml HBA_device command.

# virsh nodedev-dumpxml scsi_host3

The output from the command lists the <name>, <wwnn>, and <wwpn> fields, which are used to create a vHBA. <max_vports> shows the maximum number of supported vHBAs. For example:

<device>
  <name>scsi_host3</name>
  <path>/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/0000:10:00.0/host3</path>
  <parent>pci_0000_10_00_0</parent>
  <capability type='scsi_host'>
    <host>3</host>
    <unique_id>0</unique_id>
    <capability type='fc_host'>
      <wwnn>20000000c9848140</wwnn>
      <wwpn>10000000c9848140</wwpn>
      <fabric_wwn>2002000573de9a81</fabric_wwn>
    </capability>
    <capability type='vport_ops'>
      <max_vports>127</max_vports>
      <vports>0</vports>
    </capability>
  </capability>
</device>

In this example, the <max_vports> value shows there are a total 127 virtual ports available for use in the HBA configuration. The <vports> value shows the number of virtual ports currently being used. These values update after creating a vHBA.

Create an XML file similar to one of the following for the vHBA host. In these examples, the file is named vhba_host3.xml.
This example uses scsi_host3 to describe the parent vHBA.
```
<device>
  <parent>scsi_host3</parent>
  <capability type='scsi_host'>
    <capability type='fc_host'>
    </capability>
  </capability>
</device>
```
This example uses a WWNN/WWPN pair to describe the parent vHBA.
```
<device>
  <name>vhba</name>
  <parent wwnn='20000000c9848140' wwpn='10000000c9848140'/>
  <capability type='scsi_host'>
    <capability type='fc_host'>
    </capability>
  </capability>
</device>
```
Note
The WWNN and WWPN values must match those in the HBA details seen in the previous step.
The <parent> field specifies the HBA device to associate with this vHBA device. The details in the <device> tag are used in the next step to create a new vHBA device for the host. For more information about the nodedev XML format, see the libvirt upstream pages.
Note
The virsh command does not provide a way to define the parent_wwnn, parent_wwpn, or parent_fabric_wwn attributes.
Create a VHBA based on the XML file created in the previous step using the virsh nodev-create command.
```
# virsh nodedev-create vhba_host3
Node device scsi_host5 created from vhba_host3.xml
```

Verification

Verify the new vHBA’s details (scsi_host5) using the virsh nodedev-dumpxml command:

# virsh nodedev-dumpxml scsi_host5
<device>
  <name>scsi_host5</name>
  <path>/sys/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:04.0/0000:10:00.0/host3/vport-3:0-0/host5</path>
  <parent>scsi_host3</parent>
  <capability type='scsi_host'>
    <host>5</host>
    <unique_id>2</unique_id>
    <capability type='fc_host'>
      <wwnn>5001a4a93526d0a1</wwnn>
      <wwpn>5001a4ace3ee047d</wwpn>
      <fabric_wwn>2002000573de9a81</fabric_wwn>
    </capability>
  </capability>
</device>

Additional resources

Creating SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices using the CLI

Language and Page Formatting Options

Chapter 14. Managing storage for virtual machines

14.1. Understanding virtual machine storage

14.1.1. Introduction to storage pools

14.1.2. Introduction to storage volumes

14.1.3. Storage management using libvirt

14.1.4. Overview of storage management

14.1.5. Supported and unsupported storage pool types

14.2. Managing virtual machine storage pools using the CLI

14.2.1. Viewing storage pool information using the CLI

14.2.2. Creating directory-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.3. Creating disk-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.4. Creating filesystem-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.5. Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.6. Creating LVM-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.7. Creating NFS-based storage pools using the CLI

14.2.8. Creating SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices using the CLI

14.2.9. Deleting storage pools using the CLI

14.3. Managing virtual machine storage pools using the web console

14.3.1. Viewing storage pool information using the web console

14.3.2. Creating directory-based storage pools using the web console

14.3.3. Creating NFS-based storage pools using the web console

14.3.4. Creating iSCSI-based storage pools using the web console

14.3.5. Creating disk-based storage pools using the web console

14.3.6. Creating LVM-based storage pools using the web console

14.3.7. Removing storage pools using the web console

14.3.8. Deactivating storage pools using the web console

14.4. Parameters for creating storage pools

14.4.1. Directory-based storage pool parameters

14.4.2. Disk-based storage pool parameters

14.4.3. Filesystem-based storage pool parameters

14.4.4. iSCSI-based storage pool parameters

14.4.5. LVM-based storage pool parameters

14.4.6. NFS-based storage pool parameters

14.4.7. Parameters for SCSI-based storage pools with vHBA devices

14.5. Managing virtual machine storage volumes using the CLI

14.5.1. Viewing storage volume information using the CLI

14.5.2. Creating and assigning storage volumes using the CLI

14.5.3. Deleting storage volumes using the CLI

14.6. Managing virtual machine storage volumes using the web console

14.6.1. Creating storage volumes using the web console

14.6.2. Removing storage volumes using the web console

14.7. Managing virtual machine storage disks using the web console

14.7.1. Viewing virtual machine disk information in the web console

14.7.2. Adding new disks to virtual machines using the web console

14.7.3. Attaching existing disks to virtual machines using the web console

14.7.4. Detaching disks from virtual machines using the web console

14.8. Securing iSCSI storage pools with libvirt secrets

14.9. Creating vHBAs