Performance Tuning Guide
1. Introduction
2. Performance Monitoring Tools
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1. 2.1. /proc
2. 2.2. GNOME System Monitor
3. 2.3. Built-in Command-Line Tools
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4. 2.4. perf
5. 2.5. turbostat
6. 2.6. iostat
7. 2.7. irqbalance
8. 2.8. ss
9. 2.9. numastat
10. 2.10. numad
11. 2.11. SystemTap
12. 2.12. OProfile
13. 2.13. Valgrind
14. 2.14. pqos
3. Tuned
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1. 3.1. Tuned Overview
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2. 3.2. Performance Tuning with tuned and tuned-adm
4. Tuna
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5. Performance Co-Pilot (PCP)
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1. 5.1. PCP Overview and Resources
2. 5.2. XFS File System Performance Analysis with Performance Co-Pilot
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3. 5.3. Performing Minimal PCP Setup to Gather File System Data
6. CPU
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1. 6.1. Considerations
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  1. 6.1.1. System Topology
    
    Expand section "6.1.1. System Topology" Collapse section "6.1.1. System Topology"
    
    6.1.1.1. Determining System Topology
  2. 6.1.2. Scheduling
    
    Expand section "6.1.2. Scheduling" Collapse section "6.1.2. Scheduling"
    
    6.1.2.1. Kernel Ticks
  3. 6.1.3. Interrupt Request (IRQ) Handling
2. 6.2. Monitoring and Diagnosing Performance Problems
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3. 6.3. Configuration Suggestions
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  1. 6.3.1. Configuring Kernel Tick Time
  2. 6.3.2. Setting Hardware Performance Policy (x86_energy_perf_policy)
  3. 6.3.3. Setting Process Affinity with taskset
  4. 6.3.4. Managing NUMA Affinity with numactl
  5. 6.3.5. Automatic NUMA Affinity Management with numad
  6. 6.3.6. Tuning Scheduling Policy
    
    Expand section "6.3.6. Tuning Scheduling Policy" Collapse section "6.3.6. Tuning Scheduling Policy"
    
    6.3.6.1. Scheduling Policies
    
    Expand section "6.3.6.1. Scheduling Policies" Collapse section "6.3.6.1. Scheduling Policies"
    
    6.3.6.1.1. Static Priority Scheduling with SCHED_FIFO
    
    6.3.6.1.2. Round Robin Priority Scheduling with SCHED_RR
    
    6.3.6.1.3. Normal Scheduling with SCHED_OTHER
    
    6.3.6.2. Isolating CPUs
  7. 6.3.7. Setting Interrupt Affinity on AMD64 and Intel 64
  8. 6.3.8. Configuring CPU, Thread, and Interrupt Affinity with Tuna
7. Memory
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1. 7.1. Considerations
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  1. 7.1.1. Larger Page Size
  2. 7.1.2. Translation Lookaside Buffer Size
2. 7.2. Monitoring and Diagnosing Performance Problems
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  1. 7.2.1. Monitoring Memory Usage with vmstat
  2. 7.2.2. Profiling Application Memory Usage with Valgrind
    
    Expand section "7.2.2. Profiling Application Memory Usage with Valgrind" Collapse section "7.2.2. Profiling Application Memory Usage with Valgrind"
    
    7.2.2.1. Profiling Memory Usage with Memcheck
    
    7.2.2.2. Profiling Cache Usage with Cachegrind
    
    7.2.2.3. Profiling Heap and Stack Space with Massif
3. 7.3. Configuring HugeTLB Huge Pages
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  1. 7.3.1. Configuring Huge Pages at Boot Time
  2. 7.3.2. Configuring Huge Pages at Run Time
4. 7.4. Configuring Transparent Huge Pages
5. 7.5. Configuring System Memory Capacity
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8. Storage and File Systems
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1. 8.1. Considerations
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  1. 8.1.1. I/O Schedulers
  2. 8.1.2. File Systems
    
    Expand section "8.1.2. File Systems" Collapse section "8.1.2. File Systems"
    
    8.1.2.1. XFS
    
    8.1.2.2. Ext4
    
    8.1.2.3. Btrfs (Technology Preview)
    
    8.1.2.4. GFS2
  3. 8.1.3. Generic Tuning Considerations for File Systems
    
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    8.1.3.1. Considerations at Format Time
    
    8.1.3.2. Considerations at Mount Time
    
    8.1.3.3. Maintenance
2. 8.2. Monitoring and Diagnosing Performance Problems
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  1. 8.2.1. Monitoring System Performance with vmstat
  2. 8.2.2. Monitoring I/O Performance with iostat
    
    Expand section "8.2.2. Monitoring I/O Performance with iostat" Collapse section "8.2.2. Monitoring I/O Performance with iostat"
    
    8.2.2.1. Detailed I/O Analysis with blktrace
    
    8.2.2.2. Analyzing blktrace Output with btt
    
    8.2.2.3. Analyzing blktrace Output with iowatcher
  3. 8.2.3. Storage Monitoring with SystemTap
3. 8.3. Solid-State Disks
4. 8.4. Configuration Tools
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  1. 8.4.1. Configuring Tuning Profiles for Storage Performance
  2. 8.4.2. Setting the Default I/O Scheduler
  3. 8.4.3. Generic Block Device Tuning Parameters
  4. 8.4.4. Tuning the Deadline Scheduler
  5. 8.4.5. Tuning the CFQ Scheduler
    
    Expand section "8.4.5. Tuning the CFQ Scheduler" Collapse section "8.4.5. Tuning the CFQ Scheduler"
    
    8.4.5.1. Tuning CFQ for Fast Storage
  6. 8.4.6. Tuning the noop Scheduler
  7. 8.4.7. Configuring File Systems for Performance
    
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    8.4.7.1. Tuning XFS
    
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    8.4.7.1.1. Formatting Options
    
    8.4.7.1.2. Mount Options
    
    8.4.7.2. Tuning ext4
    
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    8.4.7.2.1. Formatting Options
    
    8.4.7.2.2. Mount Options
    
    8.4.7.3. Tuning Btrfs
    
    8.4.7.4. Tuning GFS2
9. Networking
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1. 9.1. Considerations
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  1. 9.1.1. Before You Tune
  2. 9.1.2. Bottlenecks in Packet Reception
2. 9.2. Monitoring and Diagnosing Performance Problems
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3. 9.3. Configuration Tools
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  1. 9.3.1. Tuned Profiles for Network Performance
  2. 9.3.2. Configuring the Hardware Buffer
  3. 9.3.3. Configuring Interrupt Queues
    
    Expand section "9.3.3. Configuring Interrupt Queues" Collapse section "9.3.3. Configuring Interrupt Queues"
    
    9.3.3.1. Configuring Busy Polling
  4. 9.3.4. Configuring Socket Receive Queues
    
    Expand section "9.3.4. Configuring Socket Receive Queues" Collapse section "9.3.4. Configuring Socket Receive Queues"
    
    9.3.4.1. Decrease the Speed of Incoming Traffic
    
    9.3.4.2. Increasing Queue Depth
  5. 9.3.5. Configuring Receive-Side Scaling (RSS)
  6. 9.3.6. Configuring Receive Packet Steering (RPS)
  7. 9.3.7. Configuring Receive Flow Steering (RFS)
  8. 9.3.8. Configuring Accelerated RFS
A. Tool Reference
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1. A.1. irqbalance
2. A.2. ethtool
3. A.3. ss
4. A.4. tuned
5. A.5. tuned-adm
6. A.6. perf
7. A.7. Performance Co-Pilot (PCP)
8. A.8. vmstat
9. A.9. x86_energy_perf_policy
10. A.10. turbostat
11. A.11. numastat
12. A.12. numactl
13. A.13. numad
  Expand section "A.13. numad" Collapse section "A.13. numad"
14. A.14. OProfile
15. A.15. taskset
16. A.16. SystemTap
B. Revision History
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Red Hat Training

A Red Hat training course is available for Red Hat Enterprise Linux

2.2. GNOME System Monitor

The GNOME desktop environment includes a graphical tool, System Monitor, to assist you in monitoring and modifying the behavior of your system. System Monitor displays basic system information and allows you to monitor system processes and resource or file system usage.

System Monitor has four tabs, each of which displays different information about the system.

System: This tab displays basic information about the system's hardware and software.
Processes: This tab displays detailed information about active processes and the relationships between those processes. The processes displayed can be filtered to make certain processes easier to find. This tab also lets you perform some actions on the processes displayed, such as start, stop, kill, and change priority.
Resources: This tab displays the current CPU time usage, memory and swap space usage, and network usage.
File Systems: This tab lists all mounted file systems, and provides some basic information about each, such as the file system type, mount point, and memory usage.

To start System Monitor, press the Super key to enter the Activities Overview, type System Monitor, and then press Enter.

For more information about System Monitor, see either the Help menu in the application, or the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 System Administrator's Guide.