Linux Domain Identity, Authentication, and Policy Guide
I. Overview of Red Hat Identity Management
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1. 1. Introduction to Red Hat Identity Management
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  1. 1.1. The Goal of Red Hat Identity Management
    
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    1.1.1. Examples of Benefits Brought by IdM
    
    1.1.2. Contrasting Identity Management with a Standard LDAP Directory
  2. 1.2. The Identity Management Domain
    
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    1.2.1. Identity Management Servers
    
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    1.2.1.1. Services Hosted by IdM Servers
    
    1.2.2. Identity Management Clients
    
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    1.2.2.1. Services Hosted by IdM Clients
II. Installing Identity Management
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1. 2. Installing and Uninstalling an Identity Management Server
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  1. 2.1. Prerequisites for Installing a Server
    
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    2.1.1. Minimal Hardware Requirements
    
    2.1.2. Hardware Recommendations
    
    2.1.3. System Requirements
    
    2.1.4. Prerequisites for Installing a Server in a FIPS Environment
    
    2.1.5. Host Name and DNS Configuration
    
    2.1.6. Port Requirements
  2. 2.2. Packages Required to Install an IdM Server
  3. 2.3. Installing an IdM Server: Introduction
    
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    2.3.1. Determining Whether to Use Integrated DNS
    
    2.3.2. Determining What CA Configuration to Use
    
    2.3.3. Installing a Server with Integrated DNS
    
    2.3.4. Installing a Server Without Integrated DNS
    
    2.3.5. Installing a Server with an External CA as the Root CA
    
    2.3.6. Installing Without a CA
    
    2.3.7. Installing a Server Non-Interactively
  4. 2.4. Uninstalling an IdM Server
  5. 2.5. Renaming a Server
2. 3. Installing and Uninstalling Identity Management Clients
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  1. 3.1. Prerequisites for Installing a Client
    
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    3.1.1. Prerequisites for Installing a Client in a FIPS Environment
  2. 3.2. Packages Required to Install a Client
  3. 3.3. Installing a Client
    
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    3.3.1. Installing a Client Interactively
    
    3.3.2. Installing a Client Non-interactively
  4. 3.4. Setting up an IdM Client Through Kickstart
    
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    3.4.1. Pre-creating a Client Host Entry on the IdM Server
    
    3.4.2. Creating a Kickstart File for the Client
  5. 3.5. Post-installation Considerations for Clients
    
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    3.5.1. Removing Pre-Identity Management Configuration
  6. 3.6. Testing the New Client
  7. 3.7. Uninstalling a Client
  8. 3.8. Re-enrolling a Client into the IdM Domain
    
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    3.8.1. Re-enrolling a Client Interactively Using the Administrator Account
    
    3.8.2. Re-enrolling a Client Non-interactively Using the Client Keytab
  9. 3.9. Renaming Client Machines
3. 4. Installing and Uninstalling Identity Management Replicas
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  1. 4.1. Explaining IdM Replicas
  2. 4.2. Deployment Considerations for Replicas
    
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    4.2.1. Distribution of Server Services in the Topology
    
    4.2.2. Replica Topology Recommendations
    
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    4.2.2.1. Tight Cell Topology
    
    4.2.3. The Hidden Replica Mode
  3. 4.3. Prerequisites for Installing a Replica
  4. 4.4. Packages Required to Install a Replica
  5. 4.5. Creating the Replica: Introduction
    
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    4.5.1. Promoting a Client to a Replica Using a Host Keytab
    
    4.5.2. Installing a Replica Using a Random Password
    
    4.5.3. Installing a Replica with DNS
    
    4.5.4. Installing a Replica with a CA
    
    4.5.5. Installing a Replica from a Server without a CA
  6. 4.6. Testing the New Replica
  7. 4.7. Uninstalling a Replica
III. Administration: Managing Servers
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1. 5. The Basics of Managing the IdM Server and Services
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  1. 5.1. Starting and Stopping the IdM Server
  2. 5.2. Logging into IdM Using Kerberos
  3. 5.3. The IdM Command-Line Utilities
    
    Expand section "5.3. The IdM Command-Line Utilities" Collapse section "5.3. The IdM Command-Line Utilities"
    
    5.3.1. Getting Help for ipa Commands
    
    5.3.2. Setting a List of Values
    
    5.3.3. Using Special Characters
    
    5.3.4. Searching IdM Entries
    
    Expand section "5.3.4. Searching IdM Entries" Collapse section "5.3.4. Searching IdM Entries"
    
    5.3.4.1. Adjusting the Search Size and Time Limit
  4. 5.4. The IdM Web UI
    
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    5.4.1. Supported Web Browsers
    
    5.4.2. Accessing the Web UI and Authenticating
    
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    5.4.2.1. Accessing the Web UI
    
    5.4.2.2. Available Login Methods
    
    5.4.2.3. Web UI Session Length
    
    5.4.2.4. Authenticating to the IdM Web UI as an AD User
    
    5.4.3. Configuring the Browser for Kerberos Authentication
    
    5.4.4. Configuring an External System for Kerberos Authentication to the Web UI
    
    5.4.5. Proxy Servers and Port Forwarding in the Web UI
2. 6. Managing Replication Topology
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  1. 6.1. Explaining Replication Agreements, Topology Suffixes, and Topology Segments
  2. 6.2. Web UI: Using the Topology Graph to Manage Replication Topology
    
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    6.2.1. Setting up Replication Between Two Servers
    
    6.2.2. Stopping Replication Between Two Servers
  3. 6.3. Command Line: Managing Topology Using the ipa topology* Commands
    
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    6.3.1. Getting Help for Topology Management Commands
    
    6.3.2. Setting up Replication Between Two Servers
    
    6.3.3. Stopping Replication Between Two Servers
  4. 6.4. Removing a Server from the Topology
    
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    6.4.1. Web UI: Removing a Server from the Topology
    
    6.4.2. Command Line: Removing a Server from the Topology
  5. 6.5. Managing Server Roles
    
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    6.5.1. Viewing Server Roles
    
    6.5.2. Promoting a Replica to a Master CA Server
    
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    6.5.2.1. Changing the Current CA Renewal Master
    
    6.5.2.2. Changing Which Server Generates CRLs
    
    6.5.2.3. Verifying That the New Master CA Server Is Configured Correctly
    
    6.5.3. Demotion and Promotion of Hidden Replicas
3. 7. Displaying and Raising the Domain Level
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  1. 7.1. Displaying the Current Domain Level
  2. 7.2. Raising the Domain Level
4. 8. Updating and Migrating Identity Management
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  1. 8.1. Updating Identity Management
    
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    8.1.1. Considerations for Updating Identity Management
    
    8.1.2. Using yum to Update the Identity Management Packages
  2. 8.2. Migrating Identity Management from Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 to Version 7
    
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    8.2.1. Prerequisites for Migrating Identity Management from Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 to 7
    
    8.2.2. Updating the Identity Management Schema on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6
    
    8.2.3. Installing the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Replica
    
    8.2.4. Transitioning the CA Services to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 Server
    
    8.2.5. Stop the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 6 Server
    
    8.2.6. Next Steps After Migrating the Master CA Server
5. 9. Backing Up and Restoring Identity Management
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  1. 9.1. Full-Server Backup and Data-Only Backup
    
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    9.1.1. Creating a Backup
    
    Expand section "9.1.1. Creating a Backup" Collapse section "9.1.1. Creating a Backup"
    
    9.1.1.1. Working Around Insufficient Space on Volumes Involved During Backup
    
    9.1.2. Encrypting Backup
    
    9.1.3. List of Directories and Files Copied During Backup
  2. 9.2. Restoring a Backup
    
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    9.2.1. Restoring from the Full-Server or Data-Only Backup
    
    9.2.2. Restoring with Multiple Master Servers
    
    9.2.3. Restoring from an Encrypted Backup
6. 10. Defining Access Control for IdM Users
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  1. 10.1. Access Controls for IdM Entries
    
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    10.1.1. Access Control Methods in Identity Management
  2. 10.2. Defining Self-Service Settings
    
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    10.2.1. Creating Self-Service Rules from the Web UI
    
    10.2.2. Creating Self-Service Rules from the Command Line
    
    10.2.3. Editing Self-Service Rules
  3. 10.3. Delegating Permissions over Users
    
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    10.3.1. Delegating Access to User Groups in the Web UI
    
    10.3.2. Delegating Access to User Groups in the Command Line
  4. 10.4. Defining Role-Based Access Controls
    
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    10.4.1. Roles
    
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    10.4.1.1. Creating Roles in the Web UI
    
    10.4.1.2. Creating Roles in the Command Line
    
    10.4.2. Permissions
    
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    10.4.2.1. Creating New Permissions from the Web UI
    
    10.4.2.2. Creating New Permissions from the Command Line
    
    10.4.2.3. Default Managed Permissions
    
    10.4.2.4. Permissions in Earlier Versions of Identity Management
    
    10.4.3. Privileges
    
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    10.4.3.1. Creating New Privileges from the Web UI
    
    10.4.3.2. Creating New Privileges from the Command Line
IV. Administration: Managing Identities
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1. 11. Managing User Accounts
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  1. 11.1. Setting up User Home Directories
    
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    11.1.1. Mounting Home Directories Automatically Using the PAM Home Directory Module
    
    11.1.2. Mounting Home Directories Manually
  2. 11.2. User Life Cycle
    
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    11.2.1. Adding Stage or Active Users
    
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    11.2.1.1. User Name Requirements
    
    11.2.1.2. Defining a Custom UID or GID Number
    
    11.2.2. Listing Users and Searching for Users
    
    11.2.3. Activating, Preserving, Deleting, and Restoring Users
  3. 11.3. Editing Users
  4. 11.4. Enabling and Disabling User Accounts
  5. 11.5. Allowing Non-admin Users to Manage User Entries
  6. 11.6. Using an External Provisioning System for Users and Groups
    
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    11.6.1. Configuring User Accounts to Be Used by the External Provisioning System
    
    11.6.2. Configuring IdM to Automatically Activate Stage User Accounts
    
    11.6.3. Configuring the LDAP Provider of the External Provisioning System to Manage the IdM Identities
2. 12. Managing Hosts
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  1. 12.1. About Hosts, Services, and Machine Identity and Authentication
  2. 12.2. About Host Entry Configuration Properties
  3. 12.3. Adding Host Entries
    
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    12.3.1. Adding Host Entries from the Web UI
    
    12.3.2. Adding Host Entries from the Command Line
  4. 12.4. Disabling and Re-enabling Host Entries
    
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    12.4.1. Disabling Host Entries
    
    12.4.2. Re-enabling Hosts
  5. 12.5. Managing Public SSH Keys for Hosts
    
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    12.5.1. About the SSH Key Format
    
    12.5.2. About ipa-client-install and OpenSSH
    
    12.5.3. Uploading Host SSH Keys Through the Web UI
    
    12.5.4. Adding Host Keys from the Command Line
    
    12.5.5. Removing Host Keys
  6. 12.6. Setting ethers Information for a Host
3. 13. Managing User and Host Groups
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  1. 13.1. How User and Host Groups Work in IdM
    
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    13.1.1. What User and Host Groups Are
    
    13.1.2. Supported Group Members
    
    13.1.3. Direct and Indirect Group Members
    
    13.1.4. User Group Types in IdM
    
    13.1.5. User and Host Groups Created by Default
  2. 13.2. Adding and Removing User or Host Groups
  3. 13.3. Adding and Removing User or Host Group Members
  4. 13.4. Disabling User Private Groups
    
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    13.4.1. Creating a User without a User Private Group
    
    13.4.2. Disabling User Private Groups Globally for All Users
    
    13.4.3. Adding a User with User Private Groups Disabled
  5. 13.5. Setting Search Attributes for Users and User Groups
  6. 13.6. Defining Automatic Group Membership for Users and Hosts
    
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    13.6.1. How Automatic Group Membership Works in IdM
    
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    13.6.1.1. What Automatic Group Membership Is
    
    13.6.1.2. Benefits of Automatic Group Membership
    
    13.6.1.3. Automember Rules
    
    13.6.2. Adding an Automember Rule
    
    13.6.3. Applying Automember Rules to Existing Users and Hosts
    
    13.6.4. Configuring a Default Automember Group
4. 14. Unique UID and GID Number Assignments
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5. 15. User and Group Schema
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  1. 15.1. About Changing the Default User and Group Schema
  2. 15.2. Applying Custom Object Classes to New User Entries
    
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    15.2.1. From the Web UI
    
    15.2.2. From the Command Line
  3. 15.3. Applying Custom Object Classes to New Group Entries
    
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    15.3.1. From the Web UI
    
    15.3.2. From the Command Line
  4. 15.4. Specifying Default User and Group Attributes
    
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    15.4.1. Viewing Attributes from the Web UI
    
    15.4.2. Viewing Attributes from the Command Line
6. 16. Managing Services
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  1. 16.1. Adding and Editing Service Entries and Keytabs
    
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    16.1.1. Adding Services and Keytabs from the Web UI
    
    16.1.2. Adding Services and Keytabs from the Command Line
  2. 16.2. Configuring Clustered Services
  3. 16.3. Using the Same Service Principal for Multiple Services
  4. 16.4. Retrieve Existing Keytabs for Multiple Servers
  5. 16.5. Disabling and Re-enabling Service Entries
    
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    16.5.1. Disabling Service Entries
    
    16.5.2. Re-enabling Services
7. 17. Delegating Access to Hosts and Services
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8. 18. ID Views
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  1. 18.1. Attributes an ID View Can Override
  2. 18.2. Getting Help for ID View Commands
  3. 18.3. Defining a Different Attribute Value for a User Account on Different Hosts
    
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    18.3.1. Web UI: Overriding an Attribute Value for a Specific Host
    
    18.3.2. Command Line: Overriding an Attribute Value for a Specific Host
9. 19. Defining Access Control for IdM Users
10. 20. Managing Kerberos Flags and Principal Aliases
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  1. 20.1. Kerberos Flags for Services and Hosts
    
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    20.1.1. Setting Kerberos Flags from the Web UI
    
    20.1.2. Setting and Removing Kerberos Flags from the Command Line
    
    20.1.3. Displaying Kerberos Flags from the Command Line
  2. 20.2. Managing Kerberos Principal Aliases for Users, Hosts, and Services
    
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    20.2.1. Kerberos Principal Alias
    
    20.2.2. Kerberos Enterprise Principal Alias
11. 21. Integrating with NIS Domains and Netgroups
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  1. 21.1. About NIS and Identity Management
    
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    21.1.1. NIS Netgroups in Identity Management
    
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    21.1.1.1. Displaying NIS Netgroup Entries
  2. 21.2. Enabling NIS in Identity Management
  3. 21.3. Creating Netgroups
    
    Expand section "21.3. Creating Netgroups" Collapse section "21.3. Creating Netgroups"
    
    21.3.1. Adding a Netgroup
    
    21.3.2. Adding Members to a Netgroup
  4. 21.4. Exposing Automount Maps to NIS Clients
    
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    21.4.1. Adding an Automount Map
  5. 21.5. Migrating from NIS to IdM
    
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    21.5.1. Preparing Netgroup Entries in IdM
    
    21.5.2. Enabling the NIS Listener in Identity Management
    
    21.5.3. Exporting and Importing the Existing NIS Data
    
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    21.5.3.1. Migrating User Entries
    
    21.5.3.2. Migrating Group Entries
    
    21.5.3.3. Migrating Host Entries
    
    21.5.3.4. Migrating Netgroup Entries
    
    21.5.3.5. Migrating Automount Maps
    
    21.5.4. Enabling Weak Password Hashing for NIS User Authentication
V. Administration: Managing Authentication
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1. 22. User Authentication
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  1. 22.1. User Passwords
    
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    22.1.1. Changing and Resetting User Passwords
    
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    22.1.1.1. Web UI: Changing Your Own Personal Password
    
    22.1.1.2. Web UI: Resetting Another User's Password
    
    22.1.1.3. Command Line: Changing or Resetting Another User's Password
    
    22.1.2. Enabling Password Reset Without Prompting for a Password Change at the Next Login
    
    22.1.3. Unlocking User Accounts After Password Failures
    
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    22.1.3.1. Checking the Status of a User Account
  2. 22.2. Enabling Tracking of Last Successful Kerberos Authentication
  3. 22.3. One-Time Passwords
    
    Expand section "22.3. One-Time Passwords" Collapse section "22.3. One-Time Passwords"
    
    22.3.1. How OTP Authentication Works in IdM
    
    Expand section "22.3.1. How OTP Authentication Works in IdM" Collapse section "22.3.1. How OTP Authentication Works in IdM"
    
    22.3.1.1. OTP Tokens Supported in IdM
    
    22.3.1.2. Available OTP Authentication Methods
    
    22.3.1.3. GNOME Keyring Service Support
    
    22.3.1.4. Offline Authentication with OTP
    
    22.3.2. Required Settings for Configuring a RADIUS Proxy on an IdM Server Running in FIPS Mode
    
    22.3.3. Enabling Two Factor Authentication
    
    22.3.4. Adding a User-Managed Software Token
    
    22.3.5. Adding a User-Managed YubiKey Hardware Token
    
    22.3.6. Adding a Token for a User as the Administrator
    
    22.3.7. Migrating from a Proprietary OTP Solution
    
    Expand section "22.3.7. Migrating from a Proprietary OTP Solution" Collapse section "22.3.7. Migrating from a Proprietary OTP Solution"
    
    22.3.7.1. Changing the Timeout Value of a KDC When Running a RADIUS Server in a Slow Network
    
    22.3.8. Promoting the Current Credentials to Two-Factor Authentication
    
    22.3.9. Resynchronizing an OTP Token
    
    22.3.10. Replacing a Lost OTP Token
  4. 22.4. Restricting Access to Services and Hosts Based on How Users Authenticate
    
    Expand section "22.4. Restricting Access to Services and Hosts Based on How Users Authenticate" Collapse section "22.4. Restricting Access to Services and Hosts Based on How Users Authenticate"
    
    22.4.1. Configuring a Host or a Service to Require a Specific Authentication Method
    
    22.4.2. Changing the Kerberos Authentication Indicator
  5. 22.5. Managing Public SSH Keys for Users
    
    Expand section "22.5. Managing Public SSH Keys for Users" Collapse section "22.5. Managing Public SSH Keys for Users"
    
    22.5.1. Generating an SSH Key
    
    22.5.2. Uploading User SSH Keys
    
    Expand section "22.5.2. Uploading User SSH Keys" Collapse section "22.5.2. Uploading User SSH Keys"
    
    22.5.2.1. Web UI: Uploading User SSH Keys
    
    22.5.2.2. Command Line: Uploading User SSH Keys
    
    22.5.3. Deleting User Keys
    
    Expand section "22.5.3. Deleting User Keys" Collapse section "22.5.3. Deleting User Keys"
    
    22.5.3.1. Web UI: Deleting User SSH Keys
    
    22.5.3.2. Command Line: Deleting User SSH Keys
  6. 22.6. Configuring SSSD to Provide a Cache for the OpenSSH Services
    
    Expand section "22.6. Configuring SSSD to Provide a Cache for the OpenSSH Services" Collapse section "22.6. Configuring SSSD to Provide a Cache for the OpenSSH Services"
    
    22.6.1. How SSSD Works with OpenSSH
    
    22.6.2. Configuring OpenSSH to Use SSSD for Host Keys
    
    22.6.3. Configuring OpenSSH to Use SSSD for User Keys
  7. 22.7. Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management
  8. 22.8. User Certificates
2. 23. Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management
  Expand section "23. Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management" Collapse section "23. Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management"
  1. 23.1. Exporting a Certificate From a Smart Card
  2. 23.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping Rules in Identity Management
    
    Expand section "23.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping Rules in Identity Management" Collapse section "23.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping Rules in Identity Management"
    
    23.2.1. Certificate Mapping Rules for Configuring Authentication on Smart Cards
    
    Expand section "23.2.1. Certificate Mapping Rules for Configuring Authentication on Smart Cards" Collapse section "23.2.1. Certificate Mapping Rules for Configuring Authentication on Smart Cards"
    
    23.2.1.1. Certificate Mapping Rules for Trusts with Active Directory Domains
    
    23.2.1.2. Components of an Identity Mapping Rule in IdM
    
    23.2.1.3. Obtaining the Issuer from a Certificate for Use in a Matching Rule
    
    23.2.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Stored in IdM
    
    Expand section "23.2.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Stored in IdM" Collapse section "23.2.2. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Stored in IdM"
    
    23.2.2.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule in IdM
    
    Expand section "23.2.2.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule in IdM" Collapse section "23.2.2.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule in IdM"
    
    23.2.2.1.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule in the IdM Web UI
    
    23.2.2.1.2. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule Using the Command Line
    
    23.2.2.2. Adding Certificate Mapping Data to a User Entry in IdM
    
    Expand section "23.2.2.2. Adding Certificate Mapping Data to a User Entry in IdM" Collapse section "23.2.2.2. Adding Certificate Mapping Data to a User Entry in IdM"
    
    23.2.2.2.1. Adding Certificate Mapping Data to a User Entry in the IdM Web UI
    
    23.2.2.2.2. Adding Certificate Mapping Data to a User Entry Using the Command Line
    
    23.2.3. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Whose AD User Entry Contains the Whole Certificate
    
    Expand section "23.2.3. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Whose AD User Entry Contains the Whole Certificate" Collapse section "23.2.3. Configuring Certificate Mapping for Users Whose AD User Entry Contains the Whole Certificate"
    
    23.2.3.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule for Users Whose AD User Entry Contains the Whole Certificate Using the IdM Web UI
    
    23.2.3.2. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule for User Whose AD User Entry Contains the Whole Certificate Using the Command Line
    
    23.2.4. Configuring Certificate Mapping if AD is Configured to Map User Certificates to User Accounts
    
    Expand section "23.2.4. Configuring Certificate Mapping if AD is Configured to Map User Certificates to User Accounts" Collapse section "23.2.4. Configuring Certificate Mapping if AD is Configured to Map User Certificates to User Accounts"
    
    23.2.4.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule Using the Web UI if the Trusted AD Domain is Configured to Map User Certificates
    
    23.2.4.2. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule Using the Command Line if the Trusted AD Domain is Configured to Map User Certificates
    
    23.2.4.3. Checking Certificate Mapping Data on the AD Side
    
    23.2.5. Configuring Certificate Mapping if the AD User Entry Contains no Certificate or Mapping Data
    
    Expand section "23.2.5. Configuring Certificate Mapping if the AD User Entry Contains no Certificate or Mapping Data" Collapse section "23.2.5. Configuring Certificate Mapping if the AD User Entry Contains no Certificate or Mapping Data"
    
    23.2.5.1. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule Using the Web UI if the AD User Entry Contains no Certificate or Mapping Data
    
    23.2.5.2. Adding a Certificate Mapping Rule Using the Command Line if the AD User Entry Contains no Certificate or Mapping Data
    
    23.2.5.3. Adding a Certificate to an AD User’s ID Override Using the Web UI
    
    23.2.5.4. Adding a Certificate to an AD User’s ID Override Using the Command Line
    
    23.2.6. Combining Several Identity Mapping Rules Into One
  3. 23.3. Authenticating to an Identity Management Client with a Smart Card
    
    Expand section "23.3. Authenticating to an Identity Management Client with a Smart Card" Collapse section "23.3. Authenticating to an Identity Management Client with a Smart Card"
    
    23.3.1. Smart Card-based Authentication Options Supported on Identity Management Clients
    
    23.3.2. Preparing the Identity Management Client for Smart-card Authentication
    
    23.3.3. Authenticating on an Identity Management Client with a Smart Card Using the Console Login
    
    23.3.4. Authenticating to the Remote System from the Local System
    
    23.3.5. Additional Resources
  4. 23.4. Configuring a User Name Hint Policy for Smart-card Authentication
    
    Expand section "23.4. Configuring a User Name Hint Policy for Smart-card Authentication" Collapse section "23.4. Configuring a User Name Hint Policy for Smart-card Authentication"
    
    23.4.1. User Name Hints in Identity Management
    
    23.4.2. Enabling User Name Hints in Identity Management
  5. 23.5. PKINIT Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management
    
    Expand section "23.5. PKINIT Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management" Collapse section "23.5. PKINIT Smart-card Authentication in Identity Management"
    
    23.5.1. Preparing the Identity Management Client for PKINIT Authentication
    
    23.5.2. As an Identity Management User: Authenticate Using PKINIT on an Identity Management Client
    
    23.5.3. As an Active Directory User: Authenticate Using PKINIT on an Identity Management Client
  6. 23.6. Authenticating to the Identity Management Web UI with a Smart Card
    
    Expand section "23.6. Authenticating to the Identity Management Web UI with a Smart Card" Collapse section "23.6. Authenticating to the Identity Management Web UI with a Smart Card"
    
    23.6.1. Preparing the Identity Management Server for Smart-card Authentication in the Web UI
    
    23.6.2. Preparing the Browser for Smart-card Authentication
    
    23.6.3. Authenticating to the Identity Management Web UI with a Smart Card as an Identity Management User
    
    23.6.4. Additional Resources
  7. 23.7. Integrating Identity Management Smart-card Authentication with Web Applications
    
    Expand section "23.7. Integrating Identity Management Smart-card Authentication with Web Applications" Collapse section "23.7. Integrating Identity Management Smart-card Authentication with Web Applications"
    
    23.7.1. Prerequisites for Web Application Authentication with Smart Cards
    
    23.7.2. Configuring Identity Management Smart-card Authentication for a Web Application
  8. 23.8. Enforcing a Specific Authentication Indicator When Obtaining a Ticket from the KDC
3. 24. Managing Certificates for Users, Hosts, and Services
  Expand section "24. Managing Certificates for Users, Hosts, and Services" Collapse section "24. Managing Certificates for Users, Hosts, and Services"
  1. 24.1. Managing Certificates with the Integrated IdM CAs
    
    Expand section "24.1. Managing Certificates with the Integrated IdM CAs" Collapse section "24.1. Managing Certificates with the Integrated IdM CAs"
    
    24.1.1. Requesting New Certificates for a User, Host, or Service
    
    Expand section "24.1.1. Requesting New Certificates for a User, Host, or Service" Collapse section "24.1.1. Requesting New Certificates for a User, Host, or Service"
    
    24.1.1.1. Requesting New Certificates Using certutil
    
    24.1.1.2. Preparing a Certificate Request With Multiple SAN Fields Using OpenSSL
    
    24.1.1.3. Requesting New Certificates Using Certmonger
    
    24.1.1.4. Submitting a Certificate Request to the IdM CA
    
    24.1.2. Revoking Certificates with the Integrated IdM CAs
    
    24.1.3. Restoring Certificates with the Integrated IdM CAs
  2. 24.2. Managing Certificates Issued by External CAs
    
    Expand section "24.2. Managing Certificates Issued by External CAs" Collapse section "24.2. Managing Certificates Issued by External CAs"
    
    24.2.1. Command Line: Adding and Removing Certificates Issued by External CAs
    
    24.2.2. Web UI: Adding and Removing Certificates Issued by External CAs
  3. 24.3. Listing and Displaying Certificates
  4. 24.4. Certificate Profiles
    
    Expand section "24.4. Certificate Profiles" Collapse section "24.4. Certificate Profiles"
    
    24.4.1. Creating a Certificate Profile
    
    24.4.2. Certificate Profile Management from the Command Line
    
    24.4.3. Certificate Profile Management from the Web UI
    
    24.4.4. Upgrading IdM Servers with Certificate Profiles
  5. 24.5. Certificate Authority ACL Rules
    
    Expand section "24.5. Certificate Authority ACL Rules" Collapse section "24.5. Certificate Authority ACL Rules"
    
    24.5.1. CA ACL Management from the Command Line
    
    24.5.2. CA ACL Management from the Web UI
  6. 24.6. Using Certificate Profiles and ACLs to Issue User Certificates with the IdM CAs
4. 25. Storing Authentication Secrets with Vaults
  Expand section "25. Storing Authentication Secrets with Vaults" Collapse section "25. Storing Authentication Secrets with Vaults"
  1. 25.1. How Vaults Work
    
    Expand section "25.1. How Vaults Work" Collapse section "25.1. How Vaults Work"
    
    25.1.1. Vault Owners, Members, and Administrators
    
    25.1.2. Standard, Symmetric, and Asymmetric Vaults
    
    25.1.3. User, Service, and Shared Vaults
    
    25.1.4. The Different Types of Vault Containers
  2. 25.2. Prerequisites for Using Vaults
  3. 25.3. Getting Help for Vault Commands
  4. 25.4. Storing a User's Personal Secret
    
    Expand section "25.4. Storing a User's Personal Secret" Collapse section "25.4. Storing a User's Personal Secret"
    
    25.4.1. Archiving a User's Personal Secret
    
    25.4.2. Retrieving a User's Personal Secret
  5. 25.5. Storing a Service Secret in a Vault
    
    Expand section "25.5. Storing a Service Secret in a Vault" Collapse section "25.5. Storing a Service Secret in a Vault"
    
    25.5.1. Creating a User Vault to Store a Service Password
    
    25.5.2. Provisioning a Service Password from a User Vault to Service Instances
    
    25.5.3. Retrieving a Service Password for a Service Instance
    
    25.5.4. Changing Service Vault Password
  6. 25.6. Storing a Common Secret for Multiple Users
    
    Expand section "25.6. Storing a Common Secret for Multiple Users" Collapse section "25.6. Storing a Common Secret for Multiple Users"
    
    25.6.1. Creating the Shared Vault with the Common Secret
    
    25.6.2. Retrieving a Secret from a Shared Vault as a Member User
  7. 25.7. Changing the Password or Public Key of a Vault
5. 26. Managing Certificates and Certificate Authorities
  Expand section "26. Managing Certificates and Certificate Authorities" Collapse section "26. Managing Certificates and Certificate Authorities"
  1. 26.1. Lightweight Sub-CAs
    
    Expand section "26.1. Lightweight Sub-CAs" Collapse section "26.1. Lightweight Sub-CAs"
    
    26.1.1. Creating a Lightweight Sub-CA
    
    26.1.2. Removing a Lightweight Sub-CA
  2. 26.2. Renewing Certificates
    
    Expand section "26.2. Renewing Certificates" Collapse section "26.2. Renewing Certificates"
    
    26.2.1. Renewing Certificates Automatically
    
    26.2.2. Renewing CA Certificates Manually
    
    Expand section "26.2.2. Renewing CA Certificates Manually" Collapse section "26.2.2. Renewing CA Certificates Manually"
    
    26.2.2.1. Renewing a Self-Signed IdM CA Certificate Manually
    
    26.2.2.2. Renewing an Externally-Signed IdM CA Certificate Manually
    
    26.2.3. Renewing Expired System Certificates When IdM is Offline
  3. 26.3. Installing a CA Certificate Manually
  4. 26.4. Changing the Certificate Chain
  5. 26.5. Allowing IdM to Start with Expired Certificates
  6. 26.6. Installing Third-Party Certificates for HTTP or LDAP
  7. 26.7. Configuring OCSP Responders
    
    Expand section "26.7. Configuring OCSP Responders" Collapse section "26.7. Configuring OCSP Responders"
    
    26.7.1. Changing the CRL Update Interval
  8. 26.8. Installing a CA Into an Existing IdM Domain
  9. 26.9. Replacing the Web Server's and LDAP Server's Certificate
6. 27. Kerberos PKINIT Authentication in IdM
  Expand section "27. Kerberos PKINIT Authentication in IdM" Collapse section "27. Kerberos PKINIT Authentication in IdM"
VI. Administration: Managing Policies
Expand section "VI. Administration: Managing Policies" Collapse section "VI. Administration: Managing Policies"
1. 28. Defining Password Policies
  Expand section "28. Defining Password Policies" Collapse section "28. Defining Password Policies"
  1. 28.1. What Are Password Policies and Why Are They Useful
  2. 28.2. How Password Policies Work in IdM
    
    Expand section "28.2. How Password Policies Work in IdM" Collapse section "28.2. How Password Policies Work in IdM"
    
    28.2.1. Supported Password Policy Attributes
    
    28.2.2. Global and Group-specific Password Policies
    
    28.2.3. Password Policy Priorities
  3. 28.3. Adding a New Password Policy
  4. 28.4. Modifying Password Policy Attributes
  5. 28.5. Changing Password Expiration Date with Immediate Effect
2. 29. Managing the Kerberos Domain
  Expand section "29. Managing the Kerberos Domain" Collapse section "29. Managing the Kerberos Domain"
  1. 29.1. Managing Kerberos Ticket Policies
    
    Expand section "29.1. Managing Kerberos Ticket Policies" Collapse section "29.1. Managing Kerberos Ticket Policies"
    
    29.1.1. Determining the lifetime of a Kerberos Ticket
    
    29.1.2. Global and User-specific Kerberos Ticket Policies
    
    29.1.3. Configuring the Global Kerberos Ticket Policy
    
    29.1.4. Configuring User-specific Kerberos Ticket Policies
  2. 29.2. Rekeying Kerberos Principals
  3. 29.3. Protecting Keytabs
  4. 29.4. Removing Keytabs
  5. 29.5. Additional Resources
3. 30. Using sudo
  Expand section "30. Using sudo" Collapse section "30. Using sudo"
  1. 30.1. The sudo Utility in Identity Management
    
    Expand section "30.1. The sudo Utility in Identity Management" Collapse section "30.1. The sudo Utility in Identity Management"
    
    30.1.1. The Identity Management LDAP Schema for sudo
    
    30.1.2. NIS Domain Name Requirements
  2. 30.2. sudo Rules in Identity Management
    
    Expand section "30.2. sudo Rules in Identity Management" Collapse section "30.2. sudo Rules in Identity Management"
    
    30.2.1. External Users and Hosts in sudo Rules
    
    30.2.2. User Group Support for sudo Rules
    
    30.2.3. Support for sudoers Options
  3. 30.3. Configuring the Location for Looking up sudo Policies
    
    Expand section "30.3. Configuring the Location for Looking up sudo Policies" Collapse section "30.3. Configuring the Location for Looking up sudo Policies"
    
    30.3.1. Configuring Hosts to Use IdM sudo Policies in Earlier Versions of IdM
    
    Expand section "30.3.1. Configuring Hosts to Use IdM sudo Policies in Earlier Versions of IdM" Collapse section "30.3.1. Configuring Hosts to Use IdM sudo Policies in Earlier Versions of IdM"
    
    30.3.1.1. Applying the sudo Policies to Hosts Using SSSD
    
    30.3.1.2. Applying the sudo Policies to Hosts Using LDAP
  4. 30.4. Adding sudo Commands, Command Groups, and Rules
    
    Expand section "30.4. Adding sudo Commands, Command Groups, and Rules" Collapse section "30.4. Adding sudo Commands, Command Groups, and Rules"
    
    30.4.1. Adding sudo Commands
    
    30.4.2. Adding sudo Command Groups
    
    30.4.3. Adding sudo Rules
  5. 30.5. Modifying sudo Commands and Command Groups
  6. 30.6. Modifying sudo Rules
  7. 30.7. Listing and Displaying sudo Commands, Command Groups, and Rules
  8. 30.8. Disabling and Enabling sudo Rules
  9. 30.9. Removing sudo Commands, Command Groups, and Rules
  10. 30.10. Additional Resources
4. 31. Configuring Host-Based Access Control
  Expand section "31. Configuring Host-Based Access Control" Collapse section "31. Configuring Host-Based Access Control"
  1. 31.1. How Host-Based Access Control Works in IdM
  2. 31.2. Configuring Host-based Access Control in an IdM Domain
    
    Expand section "31.2. Configuring Host-based Access Control in an IdM Domain" Collapse section "31.2. Configuring Host-based Access Control in an IdM Domain"
    
    31.2.1. Creating HBAC Rules
    
    31.2.2. Testing HBAC Rules
    
    31.2.3. Disabling HBAC Rules
  3. 31.3. Adding HBAC Service Entries for Custom HBAC Services
  4. 31.4. Adding HBAC Service Groups
5. 32. Defining SELinux User Maps
  Expand section "32. Defining SELinux User Maps" Collapse section "32. Defining SELinux User Maps"
  1. 32.1. About Identity Management, SELinux, and Mapping Users
  2. 32.2. Configuring SELinux User Map Order and Defaults
    
    Expand section "32.2. Configuring SELinux User Map Order and Defaults" Collapse section "32.2. Configuring SELinux User Map Order and Defaults"
    
    32.2.1. In the Web UI
    
    32.2.2. In the CLI
  3. 32.3. Mapping SELinux Users and IdM Users
    
    Expand section "32.3. Mapping SELinux Users and IdM Users" Collapse section "32.3. Mapping SELinux Users and IdM Users"
    
    32.3.1. In the Web UI
    
    32.3.2. In the CLI
VII. Administration: Managing Network Services
Expand section "VII. Administration: Managing Network Services" Collapse section "VII. Administration: Managing Network Services"
1. 33. Managing DNS
  Expand section "33. Managing DNS" Collapse section "33. Managing DNS"
  1. 33.1. BIND in Identity Management
  2. 33.2. Supported DNS Zone Types
  3. 33.3. DNS Configuration Priorities
  4. 33.4. Managing Master DNS Zones
    
    Expand section "33.4. Managing Master DNS Zones" Collapse section "33.4. Managing Master DNS Zones"
    
    33.4.1. Adding and Removing Master DNS Zones
    
    33.4.2. Adding Additional Configuration for Master DNS Zones
    
    33.4.3. Enabling Zone Transfers
    
    33.4.4. Adding Records to DNS Zones
    
    33.4.5. Examples of Adding or Modifying DNS Resource Records from the Command Line
    
    33.4.6. Deleting Records from DNS Zones
    
    33.4.7. Disabling and Enabling Zones
  5. 33.5. Managing Dynamic DNS Updates
    
    Expand section "33.5. Managing Dynamic DNS Updates" Collapse section "33.5. Managing Dynamic DNS Updates"
    
    33.5.1. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates
    
    Expand section "33.5.1. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates" Collapse section "33.5.1. Enabling Dynamic DNS Updates"
    
    33.5.1.1. Configuring the DNS Zone to Allow Dynamic Updates
    
    33.5.1.2. Configuring the Clients to Send Dynamic Updates
    
    33.5.2. Synchronizing A/AAAA and PTR Records
    
    Expand section "33.5.2. Synchronizing A/AAAA and PTR Records" Collapse section "33.5.2. Synchronizing A/AAAA and PTR Records"
    
    33.5.2.1. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization in the Web UI
    
    33.5.2.2. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization Using the Command Line
    
    Expand section "33.5.2.2. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization Using the Command Line" Collapse section "33.5.2.2. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization Using the Command Line"
    
    33.5.2.2.1. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization for a Specific Zone
    
    33.5.2.2.2. Configuring PTR Record Synchronization Globally for all Zones
    
    33.5.3. Updating DNS Dynamic Update Policies
  6. 33.6. Managing DNS Forwarding
    
    Expand section "33.6. Managing DNS Forwarding" Collapse section "33.6. Managing DNS Forwarding"
    
    33.6.1. Configuring Global Forwarders
    
    33.6.2. Configuring Forward Zones
  7. 33.7. Managing Reverse DNS Zones
  8. 33.8. Defining DNS Query Policy
  9. 33.9. DNS Locations
    
    Expand section "33.9. DNS Locations" Collapse section "33.9. DNS Locations"
    
    33.9.1. DNS-based Service Discovery
    
    33.9.2. Deployment Considerations for DNS Locations
    
    Expand section "33.9.2. Deployment Considerations for DNS Locations" Collapse section "33.9.2. Deployment Considerations for DNS Locations"
    
    33.9.2.1. DNS Time to Live (TTL)
    
    33.9.3. Creating DNS Locations
    
    33.9.4. Assigning an IdM Server to a DNS Location
    
    33.9.5. Configuring a Client to Use IdM Servers in the Same Location
  10. 33.10. Updating DNS Records Systematically When Using External DNS
    
    Expand section "33.10. Updating DNS Records Systematically When Using External DNS" Collapse section "33.10. Updating DNS Records Systematically When Using External DNS"
    
    33.10.1. Updating External DNS in Identity Management
    
    33.10.2. GUI: Updating External DNS Records
    
    33.10.3. Command Line: Updating External DNS Records Using nsupdate
  11. 33.11. Installing DNS Services Into an Existing Server
    
    Expand section "33.11. Installing DNS Services Into an Existing Server" Collapse section "33.11. Installing DNS Services Into an Existing Server"
    
    33.11.1. Setting up Additional Name Servers
    
    Expand section "33.11.1. Setting up Additional Name Servers" Collapse section "33.11.1. Setting up Additional Name Servers"
    
    33.11.1.1. Setting up Additional Name Servers
2. 34. Using Automount
  Expand section "34. Using Automount" Collapse section "34. Using Automount"
  1. 34.1. About Automount and IdM
  2. 34.2. Configuring Automount
    
    Expand section "34.2. Configuring Automount" Collapse section "34.2. Configuring Automount"
    
    34.2.1. Configuring NFS Automatically
    
    34.2.2. Configuring autofs Manually to Use SSSD and Identity Management
    
    34.2.3. Configuring Automount on Solaris
  3. 34.3. Setting up a Kerberos-aware NFS Server
  4. 34.4. Setting up a Kerberos-aware NFS Client
  5. 34.5. Configuring Locations
    
    Expand section "34.5. Configuring Locations" Collapse section "34.5. Configuring Locations"
    
    34.5.1. Configuring Locations through the Web UI
    
    34.5.2. Configuring Locations through the Command Line
  6. 34.6. Configuring Maps
    
    Expand section "34.6. Configuring Maps" Collapse section "34.6. Configuring Maps"
    
    34.6.1. Configuring Direct Maps
    
    Expand section "34.6.1. Configuring Direct Maps" Collapse section "34.6.1. Configuring Direct Maps"
    
    34.6.1.1. Configuring Direct Maps from the Web UI
    
    34.6.1.2. Configuring Direct Maps from the Command Line
    
    34.6.2. Configuring Indirect Maps
    
    Expand section "34.6.2. Configuring Indirect Maps" Collapse section "34.6.2. Configuring Indirect Maps"
    
    34.6.2.1. Configuring Indirect Maps from the Web UI
    
    34.6.2.2. Configuring Indirect Maps from the Command Line
    
    34.6.3. Importing Automount Maps
VIII. Security Hardening
Expand section "VIII. Security Hardening" Collapse section "VIII. Security Hardening"
1. 35. Configuring TLS for Identity Management
  Expand section "35. Configuring TLS for Identity Management" Collapse section "35. Configuring TLS for Identity Management"
2. 36. Disabling Anonymous Binds
IX. Performance Tuning
Expand section "IX. Performance Tuning" Collapse section "IX. Performance Tuning"
1. 37. Performance Tuning for Bulk Provisioning of Entries
2. 38. Failover, load balancing and high availability in Identity Management
X. Migration
Expand section "X. Migration" Collapse section "X. Migration"
1. 39. Migrating from an LDAP Directory to IdM
  Expand section "39. Migrating from an LDAP Directory to IdM" Collapse section "39. Migrating from an LDAP Directory to IdM"
  1. 39.1. An Overview of an LDAP to IdM Migration
    
    Expand section "39.1. An Overview of an LDAP to IdM Migration" Collapse section "39.1. An Overview of an LDAP to IdM Migration"
    
    39.1.1. Planning the Client Configuration
    
    Expand section "39.1.1. Planning the Client Configuration" Collapse section "39.1.1. Planning the Client Configuration"
    
    39.1.1.1. Initial Client Configuration (Pre-Migration)
    
    39.1.1.2. Recommended Configuration for Red Hat Enterprise Linux Clients
    
    39.1.1.3. Alternative Supported Configuration
    
    39.1.2. Planning Password Migration
    
    Expand section "39.1.2. Planning Password Migration" Collapse section "39.1.2. Planning Password Migration"
    
    39.1.2.1. Method 1: Using Temporary Passwords and Requiring a Change
    
    39.1.2.2. Method 2: Using the Migration Web Page
    
    39.1.2.3. Method 3: Using SSSD (Recommended)
    
    39.1.2.4. Migrating Cleartext LDAP Passwords
    
    39.1.2.5. Automatically Resetting Passwords That Do Not Meet Requirements
    
    39.1.3. Migration Considerations and Requirements
    
    Expand section "39.1.3. Migration Considerations and Requirements" Collapse section "39.1.3. Migration Considerations and Requirements"
    
    39.1.3.1. LDAP Servers Supported for Migration
    
    39.1.3.2. Migration Environment Requirements
    
    39.1.3.3. Migration — IdM System Requirements
    
    39.1.3.4. Considerations about Sudo Rules
    
    39.1.3.5. Migration Tools
    
    39.1.3.6. Improving Migration Performance
    
    39.1.3.7. Migration Sequence
  2. 39.2. Examples for Using ipa migrate-ds
    
    Expand section "39.2. Examples for Using ipa migrate-ds" Collapse section "39.2. Examples for Using ipa migrate-ds"
    
    39.2.1. Migrating Specific Subtrees
    
    39.2.2. Specifically Including or Excluding Entries
    
    39.2.3. Excluding Entry Attributes
    
    39.2.4. Setting the Schema to Use
  3. 39.3. Migrating an LDAP Server to Identity Management
  4. 39.4. Migrating over SSL
A. Troubleshooting: General Guidelines
Expand section "A. Troubleshooting: General Guidelines" Collapse section "A. Troubleshooting: General Guidelines"
B. Troubleshooting: Solutions to Specific Problems
Expand section "B. Troubleshooting: Solutions to Specific Problems" Collapse section "B. Troubleshooting: Solutions to Specific Problems"
1. B.1. Identity Management Servers
  Expand section "B.1. Identity Management Servers" Collapse section "B.1. Identity Management Servers"
2. B.2. Identity Management Replicas
  Expand section "B.2. Identity Management Replicas" Collapse section "B.2. Identity Management Replicas"
3. B.3. Identity Management Clients
  Expand section "B.3. Identity Management Clients" Collapse section "B.3. Identity Management Clients"
4. B.4. Logging In and Authentication Problems
  Expand section "B.4. Logging In and Authentication Problems" Collapse section "B.4. Logging In and Authentication Problems"
5. B.5. Vaults
  Expand section "B.5. Vaults" Collapse section "B.5. Vaults"
  1. B.5.1. Users Cannot Access Their Vault Due To Insufficient 'add' Privilege
C. A Reference of Identity Management Files and Logs
Expand section "C. A Reference of Identity Management Files and Logs" Collapse section "C. A Reference of Identity Management Files and Logs"
D. Managing Replicas at Domain Level 0
Expand section "D. Managing Replicas at Domain Level 0" Collapse section "D. Managing Replicas at Domain Level 0"
1. D.1. Replica Information File
2. D.2. Creating Replicas
  Expand section "D.2. Creating Replicas" Collapse section "D.2. Creating Replicas"
3. D.3. Managing Replicas and Replication Agreements
  Expand section "D.3. Managing Replicas and Replication Agreements" Collapse section "D.3. Managing Replicas and Replication Agreements"
4. D.4. Promoting a Replica to a Master CA Server
  Expand section "D.4. Promoting a Replica to a Master CA Server" Collapse section "D.4. Promoting a Replica to a Master CA Server"
  1. D.4.1. Changing Which Server Handles Certificate Renewal
E. Identity Management Server Ports Considerations
Expand section "E. Identity Management Server Ports Considerations" Collapse section "E. Identity Management Server Ports Considerations"
1. E.1. Identity Management components and associated services
F. Notable Changes in IdM
G. Revision History
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22.2. Enabling Tracking of Last Successful Kerberos Authentication

For performance reasons, IdM running on Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7.4 and later does not store the time stamp of the last successful Kerberos authentication of a user. As a consequence, certain commands, such as ipa user-status do not display the time stamp.

To enable tracking of the last successful Kerberos authentication of a user:

Display the currently enabled password plug-in features:
```
# ipa config-show | grep "Password plugin features"
  Password plugin features: AllowNThash, KDC:Disable Last Success
```
You require the names of the features, except KDC:Disable Last Success, in the following step.
Pass the --ipaconfigstring=feature parameter for every feature to the ipa config-mod command that is currently enabled, except for KDC:Disable Last Success:
```
# ipa config-mod --ipaconfigstring='AllowNThash'
```
This command enables only the AllowNThash plug-in. To enable multiple features, specify the --ipaconfigstring=feature parameter multiple times. For example, to enable the AllowNThash and KDC:Disable Lockout feature:
```
# ipa config-mod --ipaconfigstring='AllowNThash' --ipaconfigstring='KDC:Disable Lockout'
```
Restart IdM:
```
# ipactl restart
```

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22.2. Enabling Tracking of Last Successful Kerberos Authentication