Chapter 92. Credit card fraud dispute use case

The financial industry uses pragmatic AI for decisioning in several areas. One area is credit card charge disputes. When a customer identifies an incorrect or unrecognized charge on a credit card bill, the customer can dispute the charge. Human intervention in credit card fraud detection is required in some cases but the majority of reported credit card fraud can be completely or partially resolved with pragmatic AI.

Machine learning models such as Tensorflow™ and R™ produce predictive models. You can save these predictive models in an open standard such as PMML so that you can use the model with Red Hat Decision Manager or other products that support the PMML standard.

92.1. Using a PMML model with a DMN model to resolve credit card transaction disputes

This example shows you how to use Red Hat Decision Manager to create a DMN model that uses a PMML model to resolve credit card transaction disputes. When a customer disputes a credit card transaction, the system decides whether or not to process the transaction automatically.

Prerequisites

  • Red Hat Decision Manager is available and the following JAR file has been added to the ~/kie-server.war/WEB-INF/lib and ~/business-central.war/WEB-INF/lib directories in your Red Hat Decision Manager installation:

    • kie-dmn-jpmml-7.52.0.Final-redhat-00007.jar

      This file is available in the Red Hat Decision Manager 7.11 Maven Repository distribution available from the Software Downloads page in the Red Hat Customer Portal (login required). The group ID, artifact ID, and version (GAV) identifier of this file is org.kie:kie-dmn-jpmml:7.52.0.Final-redhat-00007. For more information, see the "Including PMML models within a DMN file in Business Central" section of Designing a decision service using DMN models.

    • JPMML Evaluator 1.5.1 JAR file
    • JPMML Evaluator Extensions 1.5.1 JAR file

      These files are required to enable JPMML evaluation in KIE Server and Business Central.

      Important

      Red Hat supports integration with the Java Evaluator API for PMML (JPMML) for PMML execution in Red Hat Decision Manager. However, Red Hat does not support the JPMML libraries directly. If you include JPMML libraries in your Red Hat Decision Manager distribution, see the Openscoring.io licensing terms for JPMML.

Procedure

  1. Create the dtree_risk_predictor.pmml file with the contents of the XML example in Section 92.2, “Credit card transaction dispute exercise PMML file”.
  2. In Business Central, create the Credit Card Dispute project:

    1. Navigate to Menu → Design → Projects.
    2. Click Add Project.
    3. In the Name box, enter Credit Card Dispute and click Add.
  3. In the Assets window of the Credit Card Dispute project, import the dtree_risk_predictor.pmml file into the com package:

    import pmml

    1. Click Import Asset.
    2. In the Create new Import Asset dialog, enter dtree_risk_predictor in the Name box, select com from the Package menu, select the dtree_risk_predictor.pmml file, and click OK.

      The content of the dtree_risk_predictor.pmml file appears in the Overview window.

  4. Create the Dispute Transaction Check DMN model in com package:

    dmn asset

    1. To return to the project window, click Credit Card Dispute in the breadcrumb trail.
    2. Click Add Asset.
    3. Click DMN in the asset library.
    4. In the Create new DMN dialog, enter Dispute Transaction Check in the Name box, select com from the Package menu, and click OK.

      The DMN editor opens with the Dispute Transaction Check DMN model.

  5. Create the tTransaction custom data type:

    ttransactions

    1. Click the Data Types tab.
    2. Click Add a custom Data Type.
    3. In the Name box, enter tTransaction.
    4. Select Structure from the Type menu.
    5. To create the data type, click the check mark.

      The tTransaction custom data type appears with one variable row.

    6. In the Name field of the variable row, enter transaction_amount, select Number from the Type menu, and then click the check mark.
    7. To add a new variable row, click the plus symbol on the transaction_amount row. A new row appears.
    8. In the Name field, enter cardholder_identifier, select Number from the Type menu, and then click the check mark.
  6. Add the Risk Predictor dtree_risk_predictor.pmml model:

    include model

    1. In the Included Models window of the DMN editor, click Include Model.
    2. In the Include Model dialog, select dtree_risk_predictor.pmml from the Models menu.
    3. Enter Risk Predictor in the Provide a unique name box and click OK.
  7. Create the Risk Predictor Business Knowledge Model (BKM) node with the Risk Predictor and DecisionTreeClassifier model:

    risk predictor function

    1. In the Model window of the DMN editor, drag a BKM node to the DMN editor palette.

      bkm

    2. Rename the node Risk Predictor.
    3. Click the edit icon located below the trash can icon on the left side of the node.

      risk predictor node

    4. Click F in the Risk Predictor box and select PMML from the Select Function Kind menu. The F changes to P.
    5. Double-click the First select PMML document box and select Risk Predictor.
    6. Double-click the Second select PMML model box and select DecisionTreeClassifier.
    7. To return to the DMN editor palette, click Back to Dispute Transaction Check.
  8. Create the Transaction input data node with the data type tTransaction:

    risk transaction

    1. In the Model window of the DMN editor, drag an input data node to the DMN editor palette.

      input node

    2. Rename the node Transaction.
    3. Select the node then click the properties pencil icon in the upper-right corner of the window.
    4. In the Properties panel, select Information Item → Data type → tTransaction then close the panel.
  9. Create the Transaction Dispute Risk decision node and add the Transaction node for data input and the Risk Predictor node for the function:

    model3

    1. In the Model window of the DMN editor, drag a decision data node to the DMN editor palette.

      decision node

    2. Rename the node Transaction Dispute Risk.
    3. Select the Risk Predictor node and drag the arrow from the top right of the node to the Transaction Dispute Risk node.
    4. Select the Transaction node and drag the arrow from the bottom right of the node to the Transaction Dispute Risk node.
  10. In the Transaction Dispute Risk node, create the Risk predictor invocation function:

    transaction dispute risk

    1. Select the Transaction Dispute Risk node and click the edit icon on the left side of the node.
    2. Click Select expression and select Invocation from the menu.
    3. Enter Risk Predictor in the Enter function box.
    4. Click P1.
    5. In the Edit Parameter dialog, enter amount in the Name box, select number from the Data Type menu, and press the Enter key.
    6. Click Select expression and select Literal expression from the menu.
    7. Enter Transaction.transaction_amount in the box next to amount.
    8. Right-click on 1 and select Insert below. The Edit Parameter dialog opens.
    9. Enter holder_index in the Name box, select number from the Data Type menu, and press the Enter key.
    10. Click Select expression on row 2 and select Literal expression from the menu.
    11. Enter Transaction.cardholder_identifier in the box next to amount.
  11. Create the Risk Threshold input data node with the data type number:

    model4

    1. In the Model window of the DMN editor, drag an input data node to the DMN editor palette.
    2. Rename the node Risk Threshold.
    3. Select the node then click the properties pencil icon in the upper-right corner of the window.
    4. In the Properties panel, select Information Item → Data type → number then close the panel.
  12. Create the Can be automatically processed? decision node that takes as inputs the Transaction Dispute Risk and the Risk threshold nodes:

    model5

    1. Drag a decision node to the DMN editor palette and rename it Can be automatically processed?.
    2. Select the node, then click the edit icon on the upper-left side of the node.
    3. Click Select expression and then select Literal expression from the menu.
    4. Enter Transaction Dispute Risk.predicted_dispute_risk < Risk Threshold in the box.
    5. Select the Transaction Dispute Risk node and drag the arrow in the top left of the node to the Can be automatically processed? node.
    6. Select the Risk Threshold node and drag the arrow from the bottom left of the node to the Can be automatically processed? node.
  13. Save the model and build the project:

    1. In the DMN editor, click Save.
    2. If necessary, correct any errors that appear.
    3. To return to the project window, click Credit Card Dispute in the breadcrumb trail.
    4. Click Build. The project should successfully build.
  14. Add and run a test scenario: AIScenarioSimulations

    1. Click Add Asset.
    2. Select Test Scenario.
    3. In the Create new Test Scenario dialog, enter the name Test Dispute Transaction Check, select com from the Package menu, and select DMN.
    4. Select Dispute Transaction Check.dmn from the Choose a DMN asset menu and click OK. The test template builds.
    5. Enter the following values and click Save:

      Note

      Do not add a value to the Transaction Dispute Risk column. This value is determined by the test scenario.

      Table 92.1. Test scenario parameters

      DescriptionRisk Thresholdcardholder_identifiertransaction_amountCan be automatically processed?

      Risk threshold 5, automatically processed

      5

      1234

      1000

      true

      Risk threshold 4, amount = 1000, not processed

      4

      1234

      1000

      false

      Risk threshold 4, amount = 180, automatically processed

      4

      1234

      180

      true

      Risk threshold 1, amount = 1, not processed

      1

      1234

      1

      false

    6. To run the test, click the Play button, to the right of Validate. The results appear in the Test Report panel on the right of the screen.

92.2. Credit card transaction dispute exercise PMML file

Use the following XML content to create the dtree_risk_predictor.pmml file in the Section 92.1, “Using a PMML model with a DMN model to resolve credit card transaction disputes” exercise.

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<PMML xmlns="http://www.dmg.org/PMML-4_2" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" version="4.2" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.dmg.org/PMML-4_2 http://www.dmg.org/v4-2-1/pmml-4-2.xsd">
  <Header copyright="Copyright (c) 2018 Software AG" description="Default Description">
    <Application name="Nyoka" version="4.3.0" />
    <Timestamp>2020-10-09 14:27:26.622723</Timestamp>
  </Header>
  <DataDictionary numberOfFields="3">
    <DataField name="amount" optype="continuous" dataType="double" />
    <DataField name="holder_index" optype="continuous" dataType="double" />
    <DataField name="dispute_risk" optype="categorical" dataType="integer">
      <Value value="1" />
      <Value value="2" />
      <Value value="3" />
      <Value value="4" />
      <Value value="5" />
    </DataField>
  </DataDictionary>
  <TreeModel modelName="DecisionTreeClassifier" functionName="classification" missingValuePenalty="1.0">
    <MiningSchema>
      <MiningField name="amount" usageType="active" optype="continuous" />
      <MiningField name="holder_index" usageType="active" optype="continuous" />
      <MiningField name="dispute_risk" usageType="target" optype="categorical" />
    </MiningSchema>
    <Output>
      <OutputField name="probability_1" optype="continuous" dataType="double" feature="probability" value="1" />
      <OutputField name="probability_2" optype="continuous" dataType="double" feature="probability" value="2" />
      <OutputField name="probability_3" optype="continuous" dataType="double" feature="probability" value="3" />
      <OutputField name="probability_4" optype="continuous" dataType="double" feature="probability" value="4" />
      <OutputField name="probability_5" optype="continuous" dataType="double" feature="probability" value="5" />
      <OutputField name="predicted_dispute_risk" optype="categorical" dataType="integer" feature="predictedValue" />
    </Output>
    <Node id="0" recordCount="600.0">
      <True />
      <Node id="1" recordCount="200.0">
        <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="99.94000244140625" />
        <Node id="2" score="2" recordCount="55.0">
          <SimplePredicate field="holder_index" operator="lessOrEqual" value="0.5" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="55.0" confidence="1.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
        </Node>
        <Node id="3" score="1" recordCount="145.0">
          <SimplePredicate field="holder_index" operator="greaterThan" value="0.5" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="145.0" confidence="1.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
        </Node>
      </Node>
      <Node id="4" recordCount="400.0">
        <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="99.94000244140625" />
        <Node id="5" recordCount="105.0">
          <SimplePredicate field="holder_index" operator="lessOrEqual" value="0.5" />
          <Node id="6" score="3" recordCount="54.0">
            <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="150.4550018310547" />
            <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
            <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
            <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="54.0" confidence="1.0" />
            <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
            <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
          </Node>
          <Node id="7" recordCount="51.0">
            <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="150.4550018310547" />
            <Node id="8" recordCount="40.0">
              <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="200.00499725341797" />
              <Node id="9" recordCount="36.0">
                <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="195.4949951171875" />
                <Node id="10" recordCount="2.0">
                  <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="152.2050018310547" />
                  <Node id="11" score="4" recordCount="1.0">
                    <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="151.31500244140625" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="1.0" confidence="1.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                  </Node>
                  <Node id="12" score="3" recordCount="1.0">
                    <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="151.31500244140625" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="1.0" confidence="1.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                  </Node>
                </Node>
                <Node id="13" recordCount="34.0">
                  <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="152.2050018310547" />
                  <Node id="14" recordCount="20.0">
                    <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="176.5050048828125" />
                    <Node id="15" recordCount="19.0">
                      <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="176.06500244140625" />
                      <Node id="16" score="4" recordCount="9.0">
                        <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="166.6449966430664" />
                        <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                        <ScoreDistribution value="2" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                        <ScoreDistribution value="3" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                        <ScoreDistribution value="4" recordCount="9.0" confidence="1.0" />
                        <ScoreDistribution value="5" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
                      </Node>
                      <Node id="17" recordCount="10.0">
                        <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="166.6449966430664" />
                        <Node id="18" score="3" recordCount="1.0">
                          <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="167.97999572753906" />
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                        </Node>
                        <Node id="19" score="4" recordCount="9.0">
                          <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="167.97999572753906" />
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                        </Node>
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                    <Node id="20" score="3" recordCount="1.0">
                      <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="176.06500244140625" />
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                    </Node>
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                  <Node id="21" score="4" recordCount="14.0">
                    <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="176.5050048828125" />
                    <ScoreDistribution value="1" recordCount="0.0" confidence="0.0" />
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                  </Node>
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              <Node id="22" recordCount="4.0">
                <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="195.4949951171875" />
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                  <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="lessOrEqual" value="195.76499938964844" />
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                      <SimplePredicate field="amount" operator="greaterThan" value="197.5800018310547" />
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          <SimplePredicate field="holder_index" operator="greaterThan" value="0.5" />
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