Chapter 5. Data Encoding and MediaTypes

Encoding allows dealing with a certain data format during API calls (map, listeners, stream, etc) while the format effectively stored is different.

The data conversions are handled by instances of org.infinispan.commons.dataconversion.Encoder :

public interface Encoder {

   /**
    * Convert data in the read/write format to the storage format.
    *
    * @param content data to be converted, never null.
    * @return Object in the storage format.
    */
   Object toStorage(Object content);

   /**
    * Convert from storage format to the read/write format.
    *
    * @param content data as stored in the cache, never null.
    * @return data in the read/write format
    */
   Object fromStorage(Object content);

   /**
     * Returns the {@link MediaType} produced by this encoder or null if the storage format is not known.
     */
   MediaType getStorageFormat();
}

Data Grid automatically picks the Encoder depending on the cache configuration. The table below shows which internal Encoder is used for several configurations:

It is possible to override programmatically the encoding used for both keys and values, by calling the .withEncoding() method variants from AdvancedCache.

Example, consider the following cache configured as OFF_HEAP:

// Read and write POJO, storage will be byte[] since for
// OFF_HEAP the GlobalMarshallerEncoder is used internally:
cache.put(1, new Pojo())
Pojo value = cache.get(1)

// Get the content in its stored format by overriding
// the internal encoder with a no-op encoder (IdentityEncoder)
Cache<?,?> rawContent = cache.getAdvancedCache().withEncoding(IdentityEncoder.class);
byte[] marshalled = (byte[]) rawContent.get(1);

The override can be useful if any operation in the cache does not require decoding, such as counting number of entries, or calculating the size of byte[] of an OFF_HEAP cache.

A custom encoder can be registered in the EncoderRegistry.

Consider a custom encoder used to compress/decompress with gzip:

public class GzipEncoder implements Encoder {

   @Override
   public Object toStorage(Object content) {
      assert content instanceof String;
      return compress(content.toString());
   }

   @Override
   public Object fromStorage(Object content) {
      assert content instanceof byte[];
      return decompress((byte[]) content);
   }

   private byte[] compress(String str) {
      try (ByteArrayOutputStream baos = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
           GZIPOutputStream gis = new GZIPOutputStream(baos)) {
         gis.write(str.getBytes("UTF-8"));
         gis.close();
         return baos.toByteArray();
      } catch (IOException e) {
         throw new RuntimeException("Unabled to compress", e);
      }
   }

   private String decompress(byte[] compressed) {
      try (GZIPInputStream gis = new GZIPInputStream(new ByteArrayInputStream(compressed));
           BufferedReader bf = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(gis, "UTF-8"))) {
         StringBuilder result = new StringBuilder();
         String line;
         while ((line = bf.readLine()) != null) {
            result.append(line);
         }
         return result.toString();
      } catch (IOException e) {
         throw new RuntimeException("Unable to decompress", e);
      }
   }

   @Override
   public MediaType getStorageFormat() {
      return MediaType.parse("application/gzip");
   }

   @Override
   public boolean isStorageFormatFilterable() {
      return false;
   }

   @Override
   public short id() {
      return 10000;
   }
}

It can be registered by:

GlobalComponentRegistry registry = cacheManager.getGlobalComponentRegistry();
EncoderRegistry encoderRegistry = registry.getComponent(EncoderRegistry.class);
encoderRegistry.registerEncoder(new GzipEncoder());

And then be used to write and read data from a cache:

AdvancedCache<String, String> cache = ...

// Decorate cache with the newly registered encoder, without encoding keys (IdentityEncoder)
// but compressing values
AdvancedCache<String, String> compressingCache = (AdvancedCache<String, String>) cache.withEncoding(IdentityEncoder.class, GzipEncoder.class);

// All values will be stored compressed...
compressingCache.put("297931749", "0412c789a37f5086f743255cfa693dd5");

// ... but API calls deals with String
String stringValue = compressingCache.get("297931749");

// Bypassing the value encoder to obtain the value as it is stored
Object value = compressingCache.withEncoding(IdentityEncoder.class).get("297931749");

// value is a byte[] which is the compressed value

A Cache can optionally be configured with a org.infinispan.commons.dataconversion.MediaType for keys and values. By describing the data format of the cache, Data Grid is able to convert data on the fly during cache operations.

The data conversion between MediaType formats are handled by instances of org.infinispan.commons.dataconversion.Transcoder

public interface Transcoder {

   /**
    * Transcodes content between two different {@link MediaType}.
    *
    * @param content         Content to transcode.
    * @param contentType     The {@link MediaType} of the content.
    * @param destinationType The target {@link MediaType} to convert.
    * @return the transcoded content.
    */
   Object transcode(Object content, MediaType contentType, MediaType destinationType);

   /**
    * @return all the {@link MediaType} handled by this Transcoder.
    */
   Set<MediaType> getSupportedMediaTypes();
}

<cache>
   <encoding>
      <key media-type="application/x-java-object; type=java.lang.Integer"/>
      <value media-type="application/xml; charset=UTF-8"/>
   </encoding>
</cache>

ConfigurationBuilder cfg = new ConfigurationBuilder();

cfg.encoding().key().mediaType("text/plain");
cfg.encoding().value().mediaType("application/json");

DefaultCacheManager cacheManager = new DefaultCacheManager();

// The cache will store POJO for keys and values
ConfigurationBuilder cfg = new ConfigurationBuilder();
cfg.encoding().key().mediaType("application/x-java-object");
cfg.encoding().value().mediaType("application/x-java-object");

cacheManager.defineConfiguration("mycache", cfg.build());

Cache<Integer, Person> cache = cacheManager.getCache("mycache");

cache.put(1, new Person("John","Doe"));

// Wraps cache using 'application/x-java-object' for keys but JSON for values
Cache<Integer, byte[]> jsonValuesCache = (Cache<Integer, byte[]>) cache.getAdvancedCache().withMediaType("application/x-java-object", "application/json");

byte[] json = jsonValuesCache.get(1);

{
   "_type":"org.infinispan.sample.Person",
   "name":"John",
   "surname":"Doe"
}

ConfigurationBuilder cfg = new ConfigurationBuilder();
cfg.encoding().key().mediaType("application/x-jboss-marshalling");
cfg.encoding().key().mediaType("application/x-jboss-marshalling");

class Scrambler implements Encoder {

   public Object toStorage(Object content) {
   // Encrypt data
   }

   public Object fromStorage(Object content) {
   // Decrypt data
   }

   @Override
   public boolean isStorageFormatFilterable() {

   }

   public MediaType getStorageFormat() {
   return new MediaType("application", "scrambled");
   }

   @Override
   public short id() {
   //return id
   }
}

Cache<?,?> secureStorageCache = cache.getAdvancedCache().withEncoding(Scrambler.class).put(k,v);

// Obtain a stream of values in XML format from the secure cache
secureStorageCache.getAdvancedCache().withMediaType("application/xml","application/xml").values().stream();