Chapter 1. Working with pods

1.1. Using pods

A pod is one or more containers deployed together on one host, and the smallest compute unit that can be defined, deployed, and managed.

1.1.1. Understanding pods

Pods are the rough equivalent of a machine instance (physical or virtual) to a Container. Each pod is allocated its own internal IP address, therefore owning its entire port space, and containers within pods can share their local storage and networking.

Pods have a lifecycle; they are defined, then they are assigned to run on a node, then they run until their container(s) exit or they are removed for some other reason. Pods, depending on policy and exit code, might be removed after exiting, or can be retained in order to enable access to the logs of their containers.

OpenShift Container Platform treats pods as largely immutable; changes cannot be made to a pod definition while it is running. OpenShift Container Platform implements changes by terminating an existing pod and recreating it with modified configuration, base image(s), or both. Pods are also treated as expendable, and do not maintain state when recreated. Therefore pods should usually be managed by higher-level controllers, rather than directly by users.

Note

For the maximum number of pods per OpenShift Container Platform node host, see the Cluster Limits.

Warning

Bare pods that are not managed by a replication controller will be not rescheduled upon node disruption.

1.1.2. Example pod configurations

OpenShift Container Platform leverages the Kubernetes concept of a pod, which is one or more containers deployed together on one host, and the smallest compute unit that can be defined, deployed, and managed.

The following is an example definition of a pod that provides a long-running service, which is actually a part of the OpenShift Container Platform infrastructure: the integrated container image registry. It demonstrates many features of pods, most of which are discussed in other topics and thus only briefly mentioned here:

Pod object definition (YAML)

kind: Pod
apiVersion: v1
metadata:
  name: example
  namespace: default
  selfLink: /api/v1/namespaces/default/pods/example
  uid: 5cc30063-0265780783bc
  resourceVersion: '165032'
  creationTimestamp: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
  labels:                  1
    app: hello-openshift
  annotations:
    openshift.io/scc: anyuid
spec:
  restartPolicy: Always      2
  serviceAccountName: default
  imagePullSecrets:
    - name: default-dockercfg-5zrhb
  priority: 0
  schedulerName: default-scheduler
  terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 30
  nodeName: ip-10-0-140-16.us-east-2.compute.internal
  securityContext:     3
    seLinuxOptions:
      level: 's0:c11,c10'
  containers:          4
    - resources: {}
      terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
      name: hello-openshift
      securityContext:
        capabilities:
          drop:
            - MKNOD
        procMount: Default
      ports:
        - containerPort: 8080
          protocol: TCP
      imagePullPolicy: Always
      volumeMounts:             5
        - name: default-token-wbqsl
          readOnly: true
          mountPath: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount
      terminationMessagePolicy: File
      image: registry.redhat.io/openshift4/ose-ogging-eventrouter:v4.3 6
  serviceAccount: default     7
  volumes:                    8
    - name: default-token-wbqsl
      secret:
        secretName: default-token-wbqsl
        defaultMode: 420
  dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
status:
  phase: Pending
  conditions:
    - type: Initialized
      status: 'True'
      lastProbeTime: null
      lastTransitionTime: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
    - type: Ready
      status: 'False'
      lastProbeTime: null
      lastTransitionTime: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
      reason: ContainersNotReady
      message: 'containers with unready status: [hello-openshift]'
    - type: ContainersReady
      status: 'False'
      lastProbeTime: null
      lastTransitionTime: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
      reason: ContainersNotReady
      message: 'containers with unready status: [hello-openshift]'
    - type: PodScheduled
      status: 'True'
      lastProbeTime: null
      lastTransitionTime: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
  hostIP: 10.0.140.16
  startTime: '2019-02-13T20:31:37Z'
  containerStatuses:
    - name: hello-openshift
      state:
        waiting:
          reason: ContainerCreating
      lastState: {}
      ready: false
      restartCount: 0
      image: openshift/hello-openshift
      imageID: ''
  qosClass: BestEffort

1
Pods can be "tagged" with one or more labels, which can then be used to select and manage groups of pods in a single operation. The labels are stored in key/value format in the metadata hash. One label in this example is registry=default.
2
The pod restart policy with possible values Always, OnFailure, and Never. The default value is Always.
3
OpenShift Container Platform defines a security context for containers which specifies whether they are allowed to run as privileged containers, run as a user of their choice, and more. The default context is very restrictive but administrators can modify this as needed.
4
containers specifies an array of one or more container definitions.
5
The container specifies where external storage volumes are mounted within the container. In this case, there is a volume for storing access to credentials the registry needs for making requests against the OpenShift Container Platform API.
6
Each container in the pod is instantiated from its own container image.
7
Pods making requests against the OpenShift Container Platform API is a common enough pattern that there is a serviceAccount field for specifying which service account user the pod should authenticate as when making the requests. This enables fine-grained access control for custom infrastructure components.
8
The pod defines storage volumes that are available to its container(s) to use. In this case, it provides an ephemeral volume for the registry storage and a secret volume containing the service account credentials.
Note

This pod definition does not include attributes that are filled by OpenShift Container Platform automatically after the pod is created and its lifecycle begins. The Kubernetes pod documentation has details about the functionality and purpose of pods.

1.2. Viewing pods

As an administrator, you can view the pods in your cluster and to determine the health of those pods and the cluster as a whole.

1.2.1. About pods

OpenShift Container Platform leverages the Kubernetes concept of a pod, which is one or more containers deployed together on one host, and the smallest compute unit that can be defined, deployed, and managed. Pods are the rough equivalent of a machine instance (physical or virtual) to a container.

You can view a list of pods associated with a specific project or view usage statistics about pods.

1.2.2. Viewing pods in a project

You can view a list of pods associated with the current project, including the number of replica, the current status, number or restarts and the age of the pod.

Procedure

To view the pods in a project:

  1. Change to the project:

    $ oc project <project-name>
  2. Run the following command:

    $ oc get pods

    For example:

    $ oc get pods -n openshift-console
    NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE
    console-698d866b78-bnshf   1/1     Running   2          165m
    console-698d866b78-m87pm   1/1     Running   2          165m

    Add the -o wide flags to view the pod IP address and the node where the pod is located.

    $ oc get pods -o wide
    
    NAME                       READY   STATUS    RESTARTS   AGE    IP            NODE                           NOMINATED NODE
    console-698d866b78-bnshf   1/1     Running   2          166m   10.128.0.24   ip-10-0-152-71.ec2.internal    <none>
    console-698d866b78-m87pm   1/1     Running   2          166m   10.129.0.23   ip-10-0-173-237.ec2.internal   <none>

1.2.3. Viewing pod usage statistics

You can display usage statistics about pods, which provide the runtime environments for containers. These usage statistics include CPU, memory, and storage consumption.

Prerequisites

  • You must have cluster-reader permission to view the usage statistics.
  • Metrics must be installed to view the usage statistics.

Procedure

To view the usage statistics:

  1. Run the following command:

    $ oc adm top pods

    For example:

    $ oc adm top pods -n openshift-console
    NAME                         CPU(cores)   MEMORY(bytes)
    console-7f58c69899-q8c8k     0m           22Mi
    console-7f58c69899-xhbgg     0m           25Mi
    downloads-594fcccf94-bcxk8   3m           18Mi
    downloads-594fcccf94-kv4p6   2m           15Mi
  2. Run the following command to view the usage statistics for pods with labels:

    $ oc adm top pod --selector=''

    You must choose the selector (label query) to filter on. Supports =, ==, and !=.

1.3. Configuring an OpenShift Container Platform cluster for pods

As an administrator, you can create and maintain an efficient cluster for pods.

By keeping your cluster efficient, you can provide a better environment for your developers using such tools as what a pod does when it exits, ensuring that the required number of pods is always running, when to restart pods designed to run only once, limit the bandwidth available to pods, and how to keep pods running during disruptions.

1.3.1. Configuring how pods behave after restart

A pod restart policy determines how OpenShift Container Platform responds when Containers in that pod exit. The policy applies to all Containers in that pod.

The possible values are:

  • Always - Tries restarting a successfully exited Container on the pod continuously, with an exponential back-off delay (10s, 20s, 40s) until the pod is restarted. The default is Always.
  • OnFailure - Tries restarting a failed Container on the pod with an exponential back-off delay (10s, 20s, 40s) capped at 5 minutes.
  • Never - Does not try to restart exited or failed Containers on the pod. Pods immediately fail and exit.

After the pod is bound to a node, the pod will never be bound to another node. This means that a controller is necessary in order for a pod to survive node failure:

ConditionController TypeRestart Policy

Pods that are expected to terminate (such as batch computations)

Job

OnFailure or Never

Pods that are expected to not terminate (such as web servers)

Replication controller

Always.

Pods that must run one-per-machine

Daemon set

Any

If a Container on a pod fails and the restart policy is set to OnFailure, the pod stays on the node and the Container is restarted. If you do not want the Container to restart, use a restart policy of Never.

If an entire pod fails, OpenShift Container Platform starts a new pod. Developers must address the possibility that applications might be restarted in a new pod. In particular, applications must handle temporary files, locks, incomplete output, and so forth caused by previous runs.

Note

Kubernetes architecture expects reliable endpoints from cloud providers. When a cloud provider is down, the kubelet prevents OpenShift Container Platform from restarting.

If the underlying cloud provider endpoints are not reliable, do not install a cluster using cloud provider integration. Install the cluster as if it was in a no-cloud environment. It is not recommended to toggle cloud provider integration on or off in an installed cluster.

For details on how OpenShift Container Platform uses restart policy with failed Containers, see the Example States in the Kubernetes documentation.

1.3.2. Limiting the bandwidth available to pods

You can apply quality-of-service traffic shaping to a pod and effectively limit its available bandwidth. Egress traffic (from the pod) is handled by policing, which simply drops packets in excess of the configured rate. Ingress traffic (to the pod) is handled by shaping queued packets to effectively handle data. The limits you place on a pod do not affect the bandwidth of other pods.

Procedure

To limit the bandwidth on a pod:

  1. Write an object definition JSON file, and specify the data traffic speed using kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth and kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth annotations. For example, to limit both pod egress and ingress bandwidth to 10M/s:

    Limited Pod Object Definition

    {
        "kind": "Pod",
        "spec": {
            "containers": [
                {
                    "image": "openshift/hello-openshift",
                    "name": "hello-openshift"
                }
            ]
        },
        "apiVersion": "v1",
        "metadata": {
            "name": "iperf-slow",
            "annotations": {
                "kubernetes.io/ingress-bandwidth": "10M",
                "kubernetes.io/egress-bandwidth": "10M"
            }
        }
    }

  2. Create the pod using the object definition:

    $ oc create -f <file_or_dir_path>

1.3.3. Understanding how to use pod disruption budgets to specify the number of pods that must be up

A pod disruption budget is part of the Kubernetes API, which can be managed with oc commands like other object types. They allow the specification of safety constraints on pods during operations, such as draining a node for maintenance.

PodDisruptionBudget is an API object that specifies the minimum number or percentage of replicas that must be up at a time. Setting these in projects can be helpful during node maintenance (such as scaling a cluster down or a cluster upgrade) and is only honored on voluntary evictions (not on node failures).

A PodDisruptionBudget object’s configuration consists of the following key parts:

  • A label selector, which is a label query over a set of pods.
  • An availability level, which specifies the minimum number of pods that must be available simultaneously, either:

    • minAvailable is the number of pods must always be available, even during a disruption.
    • maxUnavailable is the number of pods can be unavailable during a disruption.
Note

A maxUnavailable of 0% or 0 or a minAvailable of 100% or equal to the number of replicas, is permitted, but can block nodes from being drained.

You can check for pod disruption budgets across all projects with the following:

$ oc get poddisruptionbudget --all-namespaces

NAMESPACE         NAME          MIN-AVAILABLE   SELECTOR
another-project   another-pdb   4               bar=foo
test-project      my-pdb        2               foo=bar

The PodDisruptionBudget is considered healthy when there are at least minAvailable pods running in the system. Every pod above that limit can be evicted.

Note

Depending on your pod priority and preemption settings, lower-priority pods might be removed despite their pod disruption budget requirements.

1.3.3.1. Specifying the number of pods that must be up with pod disruption budgets

You can use a PodDisruptionBudget object to specify the minimum number or percentage of replicas that must be up at a time.

Procedure

To configure a pod disruption budget:

  1. Create a YAML file with the an object definition similar to the following:

    apiVersion: policy/v1beta1 1
    kind: PodDisruptionBudget
    metadata:
      name: my-pdb
    spec:
      minAvailable: 2  2
      selector:  3
        matchLabels:
          foo: bar
    1
    PodDisruptionBudget is part of the policy/v1beta1 API group.
    2
    The minimum number of pods that must be available simultaneously. This can be either an integer or a string specifying a percentage, for example, 20%.
    3
    A label query over a set of resources. The result of matchLabels and matchExpressions are logically conjoined.

    Or:

    apiVersion: policy/v1beta1 1
    kind: PodDisruptionBudget
    metadata:
      name: my-pdb
    spec:
      maxUnavailable: 25% 2
      selector: 3
        matchLabels:
          foo: bar
    1
    PodDisruptionBudget is part of the policy/v1beta1 API group.
    2
    The maximum number of pods that can be unavailable simultaneously. This can be either an integer or a string specifying a percentage, for example, 20%.
    3
    A label query over a set of resources. The result of matchLabels and matchExpressions are logically conjoined.
  2. Run the following command to add the object to project:

    $ oc create -f </path/to/file> -n <project_name>

1.3.4. Preventing pod removal using critical pods

There are a number of core components that are critical to a fully functional cluster, but, run on a regular cluster node rather than the master. A cluster might stop working properly if a critical add-on is evicted.

Pods marked as critical are not allowed to be evicted.

Procedure

To make a pod critical:

  1. Create a Pod spec or edit existing pods to include the system-cluster-critical priority class:

    spec:
      template:
        metadata:
          name: critical-pod
        priorityClassName: system-cluster-critical 1
    1
    Default priority class for pods that should never be evicted from a node.

Alternatively, you can specify system-node-critical for pods that are important to the cluster but can be removed if necessary.

  1. Create the pod:

    $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml

1.4. Automatically scaling pods

As a developer, you can use a horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA) to specify how OpenShift Container Platform should automatically increase or decrease the scale of a replication controller or deployment configuration, based on metrics collected from the pods that belong to that replication controller or deployment configuration.

1.4.1. Understanding horizontal pod autoscalers

You can create a horizontal pod autoscaler to specify the minimum and maximum number of pods you want to run, as well as the CPU utilization or memory utilization your pods should target.

Important

Autoscaling for Memory Utilization is a Technology Preview feature only.

After you create a horizontal pod autoscaler, OpenShift Container Platform begins to query the CPU and/or memory resource metrics on the pods. When these metrics are available, the horizontal pod autoscaler computes the ratio of the current metric utilization with the desired metric utilization, and scales up or down accordingly. The query and scaling occurs at a regular interval, but can take one to two minutes before metrics become available.

For replication controllers, this scaling corresponds directly to the replicas of the replication controller. For deployment configurations, scaling corresponds directly to the replica count of the deployment configuration. Note that autoscaling applies only to the latest deployment in the Complete phase.

OpenShift Container Platform automatically accounts for resources and prevents unnecessary autoscaling during resource spikes, such as during start up. Pods in the unready state have 0 CPU usage when scaling up and the autoscaler ignores the pods when scaling down. Pods without known metrics have 0% CPU usage when scaling up and 100% CPU when scaling down. This allows for more stability during the HPA decision. To use this feature, you must configure readiness checks to determine if a new pod is ready for use.

In order to use horizontal pod autoscalers, your cluster administrator must have properly configured cluster metrics.

1.4.1.1. Supported metrics

The following metrics are supported by horizontal pod autoscalers:

Table 1.1. Metrics

MetricDescriptionAPI version

CPU utilization

Number of CPU cores used. Can be used to calculate a percentage of the pod’s requested CPU.

autoscaling/v1, autoscaling/v2beta2

Memory utilization

Amount of memory used. Can be used to calculate a percentage of the pod’s requested memory.

autoscaling/v2beta2

Important

For memory-based autoscaling, memory usage must increase and decrease proportionally to the replica count. On average:

  • An increase in replica count must lead to an overall decrease in memory (working set) usage per-pod.
  • A decrease in replica count must lead to an overall increase in per-pod memory usage.

Use the OpenShift Container Platform web console to check the memory behavior of your application and ensure that your application meets these requirements before using memory-based autoscaling.

1.4.2. Creating a horizontal pod autoscaler for CPU utilization

You can create a horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA) for an existing DeploymentConfig or ReplicationController object that automatically scales the pods associated with that object in order to maintain the CPU usage you specify.

The HPA increases and decreases the number of replicas between the minimum and maximum numbers to maintain the specified CPU utilization across all pods.

When autoscaling for CPU utilization, you can use the oc autoscale command and specify the minimum and maximum number of pods you want to run at any given time and the average CPU utilization your pods should target. If you do not specify a minimum, the pods are given default values from the OpenShift Container Platform server. To autoscale for a specific CPU value, create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler object with the target CPU and pod limits.

Prerequisites

In order to use horizontal pod autoscalers, your cluster administrator must have properly configured cluster metrics. You can use the oc describe PodMetrics <pod-name> command to determine if metrics are configured. If metrics are configured, the output appears similar to the following, with Cpu and Memory displayed under Usage.

$ oc describe PodMetrics openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal
Name:         openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal
Namespace:    openshift-kube-scheduler
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1
Containers:
  Name:  wait-for-host-port
  Usage:
    Memory:  0
  Name:      scheduler
  Usage:
    Cpu:     8m
    Memory:  45440Ki
Kind:        PodMetrics
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2019-05-23T18:47:56Z
  Self Link:           /apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/openshift-kube-scheduler/pods/openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal
Timestamp:             2019-05-23T18:47:56Z
Window:                1m0s
Events:                <none>

Procedure

To create a horizontal pod autoscaler for CPU utilization:

  1. Perform one of the following one of the following:

    • To scale based on the percent of CPU utilization, create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler object for an existing DeploymentConfig object:

      $ oc autoscale dc/<dc-name> \1
        --min <number> \2
        --max <number> \3
        --cpu-percent=<percent> 4
      1
      Specify the name of the DeploymentConfig object. The object must exist.
      2
      Optionally, specify the minimum number of replicas when scaling down.
      3
      Specify the maximum number of replicas when scaling up.
      4
      Specify the target average CPU utilization over all the pods, represented as a percent of requested CPU. If not specified or negative, a default autoscaling policy is used.
    • To scale based on the percent of CPU utilization, create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler object for an existing replication controller:

      $ oc autoscale rc/<rc-name> 1
        --min <number> \2
        --max <number> \3
        --cpu-percent=<percent> 4
      1
      Specify the name of the replication controller. The object must exist.
      2
      Specify the minimum number of replicas when scaling down.
      3
      Specify the maximum number of replicas when scaling up.
      4
      Specify the target average CPU utilization over all the pods, represented as a percent of requested CPU. If not specified or negative, a default autoscaling policy is used.
    • To scale for a specific CPU value, create a YAML file similar to the following for an existing DeploymentConfig object or replication controller:

      1. Create a YAML file similar to the following:

        apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 1
        kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
        metadata:
          name: cpu-autoscale 2
          namespace: default
        spec:
          scaleTargetRef:
            apiVersion: v1 3
            kind: ReplicationController 4
            name: example 5
          minReplicas: 1 6
          maxReplicas: 10 7
          metrics: 8
          - type: Resource
            resource:
              name: cpu 9
              target:
                type: AverageValue 10
                averageValue: 500m 11
        1
        Use the autoscaling/v2beta2 API.
        2
        Specify a name for this horizontal pod autoscaler object.
        3
        Specify the API version of the object to scale:
        • For a replication controller, use v1,
        • For a DeploymentConfig object, use apps.openshift.io/v1.
        4
        Specify the kind of object to scale, either ReplicationController or DeploymentConfig.
        5
        Specify the name of the object to scale. The object must exist.
        6
        Specify the minimum number of replicas when scaling down.
        7
        Specify the maximum number of replicas when scaling up.
        8
        Use the metrics parameter for memory utilization.
        9
        Specify cpu for CPU utilization.
        10
        Set to AverageValue.
        11
        Set to averageValue with the targeted CPU value.
      2. Create the horizontal pod autoscaler:

        $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml
  2. Verify that the horizontal pod autoscaler was created:

    $ oc get hpa cpu-autoscale
    
    NAME            REFERENCE                       TARGETS         MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
    cpu-autoscale   ReplicationController/example   173m/500m       1         10        1          20m

For example, the following command creates a horizontal pod autoscaler that maintains between 3 and 7 replicas of the pods that are controlled by the image-registry DeploymentConfig object in order to maintain an average CPU utilization of 75% across all pods.

$ oc autoscale dc/image-registry --min 3 --max 7 --cpu-percent=75
deploymentconfig "image-registry" autoscaled

The command creates a horizontal pod autoscaler with the following definition:

$ oc edit hpa frontend -n openshift-image-registry
apiVersion: autoscaling/v1
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
  creationTimestamp: "2020-02-21T20:19:28Z"
  name: image-registry
  namespace: default
  resourceVersion: "32452"
  selfLink: /apis/autoscaling/v1/namespaces/default/horizontalpodautoscalers/frontend
  uid: 1a934a22-925d-431e-813a-d00461ad7521
spec:
  maxReplicas: 7
  minReplicas: 3
  scaleTargetRef:
    apiVersion: apps.openshift.io/v1
    kind: DeploymentConfig
    name: image-registry
  targetCPUUtilizationPercentage: 75
status:
  currentReplicas: 5
  desiredReplicas: 0

The following example shows autoscaling for the image-registry DeploymentConfig object. The initial deployment requires 3 pods. The HPA object increased that minimum to 5 and will increase the pods up to 7 if CPU usage on the pods reaches 75%:

$ oc get dc image-registry
NAME             REVISION   DESIRED   CURRENT   TRIGGERED BY
image-registry   1          3         3         config

$ oc autoscale dc/image-registry --min=5 --max=7 --cpu-percent=75
horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/image-registry autoscaled

$ oc get dc image-registry
NAME             REVISION   DESIRED   CURRENT   TRIGGERED BY
image-registry   1          5         5         config

1.4.3. Creating a horizontal pod autoscaler object for memory utilization

You can create a horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA) for an existing DeploymentConfig object or ReplicationController object that automatically scales the pods associated with that object in order to maintain the average memory utilization you specify, either a direct value or a percentage of requested memory.

The HPA increases and decreases the number of replicas between the minimum and maximum numbers to maintain the specified memory utilization across all pods.

For memory utilization, you can specify the minimum and maximum number of pods and the average memory utilization your pods should target. If you do not specify a minimum, the pods are given default values from the OpenShift Container Platform server.

Important

Autoscaling for memory utilization is a Technology Preview feature only. Technology Preview features are not supported with Red Hat production service level agreements (SLAs), might not be functionally complete, and Red Hat does not recommend to use them for production. These features provide early access to upcoming product features, enabling customers to test functionality and provide feedback during the development process.

For more information on Red Hat Technology Preview features support scope, see https://access.redhat.com/support/offerings/techpreview/.

Prerequisites

In order to use horizontal pod autoscalers, your cluster administrator must have properly configured cluster metrics. You can use the oc describe PodMetrics <pod-name> command to determine if metrics are configured. If metrics are configured, the output appears similar to the following, with Cpu and Memory displayed under Usage.

$ oc describe PodMetrics openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-129-223.compute.internal -n openshift-kube-scheduler
Name:         openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-129-223.compute.internal
Namespace:    openshift-kube-scheduler
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1
Containers:
  Name:  scheduler
  Usage:
    Cpu:     2m
    Memory:  41056Ki
  Name:      wait-for-host-port
  Usage:
    Memory:  0
Kind:        PodMetrics
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2020-02-14T22:21:14Z
  Self Link:           /apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/openshift-kube-scheduler/pods/openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-129-223.compute.internal
Timestamp:             2020-02-14T22:21:14Z
Window:                5m0s
Events:                <none>

Procedure

To create a horizontal pod autoscaler for memory utilization:

  1. Create a YAML file for one of the following:

    • To scale for a specific memory value, create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler object similar to the following for an existing DeploymentConfig object or replication controller:

      apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 1
      kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
      metadata:
        name: hpa-resource-metrics-memory 2
        namespace: default
      spec:
        scaleTargetRef:
          apiVersion: v1 3
          kind: ReplicationController 4
          name: example 5
        minReplicas: 1 6
        maxReplicas: 10 7
        metrics: 8
        - type: Resource
          resource:
            name: memory 9
            target:
              type: AverageValue 10
              averageValue: 500Mi 11
      1
      Use the autoscaling/v2beta2 API.
      2
      Specify a name for this horizontal pod autoscaler object.
      3
      Specify the API version of the object to scale:
      • For a replication controller, use v1,
      • For a DeploymentConfig object, use apps.openshift.io/v1.
      4
      Specify the kind of object to scale, either ReplicationController or DeploymentConfig.
      5
      Specify the name of the object to scale. The object must exist.
      6
      Specify the minimum number of replicas when scaling down.
      7
      Specify the maximum number of replicas when scaling up.
      8
      Use the metrics parameter for memory utilization.
      9
      Specify memory for memory utilization.
      10
      Set the type to AverageValue.
      11
      Specify averageValue and a specific memory value.
    • To scale for a percentage, create a HorizontalPodAutoscaler object similar to the following:

      apiVersion: autoscaling/v2beta2 1
      kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
      metadata:
        name: memory-autoscale 2
        namespace: default
      spec:
        scaleTargetRef:
          apiVersion: apps.openshift.io/v1 3
          kind: DeploymentConfig 4
          name: example 5
        minReplicas: 1 6
        maxReplicas: 10 7
        metrics: 8
        - type: Resource
          resource:
            name: memory 9
            target:
              type: Utilization 10
              averageUtilization: 50 11
      1
      Use the autoscaling/v2beta2 API.
      2
      Specify a name for this horizontal pod autoscaler object.
      3
      Specify the API version of the object to scale:
      • For a replication controller, use v1,
      • For a DeploymentConfig object, use apps.openshift.io/v1.
      4
      Specify the kind of object to scale, either ReplicationController or DeploymentConfig.
      5
      Specify the name of the object to scale. The object must exist.
      6
      Specify the minimum number of replicas when scaling down.
      7
      Specify the maximum number of replicas when scaling up.
      8
      Use the metrics parameter for memory utilization.
      9
      Specify memory for memory utilization.
      10
      Set to Utilization.
      11
      Specify averageUtilization and a target average memory utilization over all the pods, represented as a percent of requested memory. The target pods must have memory requests configured.
  2. Create the horizontal pod autoscaler:

    $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml

    For example:

    $ oc create -f hpa.yaml
    
    horizontalpodautoscaler.autoscaling/hpa-resource-metrics-memory created
  3. Verify that the horizontal pod autoscaler was created:

    $ oc get hpa hpa-resource-metrics-memory
    
    NAME                          REFERENCE                       TARGETS         MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
    hpa-resource-metrics-memory   ReplicationController/example   2441216/500Mi   1         10        1          20m
    $ oc describe hpa hpa-resource-metrics-memory
    Name:                        hpa-resource-metrics-memory
    Namespace:                   default
    Labels:                      <none>
    Annotations:                 <none>
    CreationTimestamp:           Wed, 04 Mar 2020 16:31:37 +0530
    Reference:                   ReplicationController/example
    Metrics:                     ( current / target )
      resource memory on pods:   2441216 / 500Mi
    Min replicas:                1
    Max replicas:                10
    ReplicationController pods:  1 current / 1 desired
    Conditions:
      Type            Status  Reason              Message
      ----            ------  ------              -------
      AbleToScale     True    ReadyForNewScale    recommended size matches current size
      ScalingActive   True    ValidMetricFound    the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from memory resource
      ScalingLimited  False   DesiredWithinRange  the desired count is within the acceptable range
    Events:
      Type     Reason                   Age                 From                       Message
      ----     ------                   ----                ----                       -------
      Normal   SuccessfulRescale        6m34s               horizontal-pod-autoscaler  New size: 1; reason: All metrics below target

1.4.4. Understanding horizontal pod autoscaler status conditions

You can use the status conditions set to determine whether or not the horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA) is able to scale and whether or not it is currently restricted in any way.

The HPA status conditions are available with the v2beta1 version of the autoscaling API.

The HPA responds with the following status conditions:

  • The AbleToScale condition indicates whether HPA is able to fetch and update metrics, as well as whether any backoff-related conditions could prevent scaling.

    • A True condition indicates scaling is allowed.
    • A False condition indicates scaling is not allowed for the reason specified.
  • The ScalingActive condition indicates whether the HPA is enabled (for example, the replica count of the target is not zero) and is able to calculate desired metrics.

    • A True condition indicates metrics is working properly.
    • A False condition generally indicates a problem with fetching metrics.
  • The ScalingLimited condition indicates that the desired scale was capped by the maximum or minimum of the horizontal pod autoscaler.

    • A True condition indicates that you need to raise or lower the minimum or maximum replica count in order to scale.
    • A False condition indicates that the requested scaling is allowed.

      $ oc describe hpa cm-test
      Name:                           cm-test
      Namespace:                      prom
      Labels:                         <none>
      Annotations:                    <none>
      CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
      Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
      Metrics:                        ( current / target )
        "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
      Min replicas:                   1
      Max replicas:                   4
      ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
      Conditions: 1
        Type              Status    Reason              Message
        ----              ------    ------              -------
        AbleToScale       True      ReadyForNewScale    the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
        ScalingActive     True      ValidMetricFound    the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_request
        ScalingLimited    False     DesiredWithinRange  the desired replica count is within the acceptable range
      Events:
      1
      The horizontal pod autoscaler status messages.

The following is an example of a pod that is unable to scale:

Conditions:
  Type         Status  Reason          Message
  ----         ------  ------          -------
  AbleToScale  False   FailedGetScale  the HPA controller was unable to get the target's current scale: no matches for kind "ReplicationController" in group "apps"
Events:
  Type     Reason          Age               From                       Message
  ----     ------          ----              ----                       -------
  Warning  FailedGetScale  6s (x3 over 36s)  horizontal-pod-autoscaler  no matches for kind "ReplicationController" in group "apps"

The following is an example of a pod that could not obtain the needed metrics for scaling:

Conditions:
  Type                  Status    Reason                    Message
  ----                  ------    ------                    -------
  AbleToScale           True     SucceededGetScale          the HPA controller was able to get the target's current scale
  ScalingActive         False    FailedGetResourceMetric    the HPA was unable to compute the replica count: unable to get metrics for resource cpu: no metrics returned from heapster

The following is an example of a pod where the requested autoscaling was less than the required minimums:

Conditions:
  Type              Status    Reason              Message
  ----              ------    ------              -------
  AbleToScale       True      ReadyForNewScale    the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive     True      ValidMetricFound    the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_request
  ScalingLimited    False     DesiredWithinRange  the desired replica count is within the acceptable range

1.4.4.1. Viewing horizontal pod autoscaler status conditions

You can view the status conditions set on a pod by the horizontal pod autoscaler (HPA).

Note

The horizontal pod autoscaler status conditions are available with the v2beta1 version of the autoscaling API.

Prerequisites

In order to use horizontal pod autoscalers, your cluster administrator must have properly configured cluster metrics. You can use the oc describe PodMetrics <pod-name> command to determine if metrics are configured. If metrics are configured, the output appears similar to the following, with Cpu and Memory displayed under Usage.

$ oc describe PodMetrics openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal

Name:         openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal
Namespace:    openshift-kube-scheduler
Labels:       <none>
Annotations:  <none>
API Version:  metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1
Containers:
  Name:  wait-for-host-port
  Usage:
    Memory:  0
  Name:      scheduler
  Usage:
    Cpu:     8m
    Memory:  45440Ki
Kind:        PodMetrics
Metadata:
  Creation Timestamp:  2019-05-23T18:47:56Z
  Self Link:           /apis/metrics.k8s.io/v1beta1/namespaces/openshift-kube-scheduler/pods/openshift-kube-scheduler-ip-10-0-135-131.ec2.internal
Timestamp:             2019-05-23T18:47:56Z
Window:                1m0s
Events:                <none>

Procedure

To view the status conditions on a pod, use the following command with the name of the pod:

$ oc describe hpa <pod-name>

For example:

$ oc describe hpa cm-test

The conditions appear in the Conditions field in the output.

Name:                           cm-test
Namespace:                      prom
Labels:                         <none>
Annotations:                    <none>
CreationTimestamp:              Fri, 16 Jun 2017 18:09:22 +0000
Reference:                      ReplicationController/cm-test
Metrics:                        ( current / target )
  "http_requests" on pods:      66m / 500m
Min replicas:                   1
Max replicas:                   4
ReplicationController pods:     1 current / 1 desired
Conditions: 1
  Type              Status    Reason              Message
  ----              ------    ------              -------
  AbleToScale       True      ReadyForNewScale    the last scale time was sufficiently old as to warrant a new scale
  ScalingActive     True      ValidMetricFound    the HPA was able to successfully calculate a replica count from pods metric http_request
  ScalingLimited    False     DesiredWithinRange  the desired replica count is within the acceptable range

1.4.5. Additional resources

For more information on replication controllers and deployment controllers, see Understanding deployments and deployment configs.

1.5. Providing sensitive data to pods

Some applications need sensitive information, such as passwords and user names, that you do not want developers to have.

As an administrator, you can use Secret objects to provide this information without exposing that information in clear text.

1.5.1. Understanding secrets

The Secret object type provides a mechanism to hold sensitive information such as passwords, OpenShift Container Platform client configuration files, private source repository credentials, and so on. Secrets decouple sensitive content from the pods. You can mount secrets into containers using a volume plug-in or the system can use secrets to perform actions on behalf of a pod.

Key properties include:

  • Secret data can be referenced independently from its definition.
  • Secret data volumes are backed by temporary file-storage facilities (tmpfs) and never come to rest on a node.
  • Secret data can be shared within a namespace.

YAML Secret object definition

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: test-secret
  namespace: my-namespace
type: Opaque 1
data: 2
  username: dmFsdWUtMQ0K 3
  password: dmFsdWUtMg0KDQo=
stringData: 4
  hostname: myapp.mydomain.com 5

1 1
Indicates the structure of the secret’s key names and values.
2
The allowable format for the keys in the data field must meet the guidelines in the DNS_SUBDOMAIN value in the Kubernetes identifiers glossary.
3
The value associated with keys in the data map must be base64 encoded.
4
Entries in the stringData map are converted to base64 and the entry will then be moved to the data map automatically. This field is write-only; the value will only be returned via the data field.
5
The value associated with keys in the stringData map is made up of plain text strings.

You must create a secret before creating the pods that depend on that secret.

When creating secrets:

  • Create a secret object with secret data.
  • Update the pod’s service account to allow the reference to the secret.
  • Create a pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume).

1.5.1.1. Types of secrets

The value in the type field indicates the structure of the secret’s key names and values. The type can be used to enforce the presence of user names and keys in the secret object. If you do not want validation, use the opaque type, which is the default.

Specify one of the following types to trigger minimal server-side validation to ensure the presence of specific key names in the secret data:

  • kubernetes.io/service-account-token. Uses a service account token.
  • kubernetes.io/basic-auth. Use with Basic Authentication.
  • kubernetes.io/ssh-auth. Use with SSH Key Authentication.
  • kubernetes.io/tls. Use with TLS certificate authorities.

Specify type: Opaque if you do not want validation, which means the secret does not claim to conform to any convention for key names or values. An opaque secret, allows for unstructured key:value pairs that can contain arbitrary values.

Note

You can specify other arbitrary types, such as example.com/my-secret-type. These types are not enforced server-side, but indicate that the creator of the secret intended to conform to the key/value requirements of that type.

For examples of different secret types, see the code samples in Using Secrets.

1.5.1.2. Example secret configurations

The following are sample secret configuration files.

YAML Secret object that creates four files

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: test-secret
data:
  username: dmFsdWUtMQ0K     1
  password: dmFsdWUtMQ0KDQo= 2
stringData:
  hostname: myapp.mydomain.com 3
  secret.properties: |-     4
    property1=valueA
    property2=valueB

1
File contains decoded values.
2
File contains decoded values.
3
File contains the provided string.
4
File contains the provided data.

YAML of a pod populating files in a volume with secret data

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: secret-example-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: secret-test-container
      image: busybox
      command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "cat /etc/secret-volume/*" ]
      volumeMounts:
          # name must match the volume name below
          - name: secret-volume
            mountPath: /etc/secret-volume
            readOnly: true
  volumes:
    - name: secret-volume
      secret:
        secretName: test-secret
  restartPolicy: Never

YAML of a pod populating environment variables with secret data

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: secret-example-pod
spec:
  containers:
    - name: secret-test-container
      image: busybox
      command: [ "/bin/sh", "-c", "export" ]
      env:
        - name: TEST_SECRET_USERNAME_ENV_VAR
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: test-secret
              key: username
  restartPolicy: Never

YAML of a build config populating environment variables with secret data

apiVersion: v1
kind: BuildConfig
metadata:
  name: secret-example-bc
spec:
  strategy:
    sourceStrategy:
      env:
      - name: TEST_SECRET_USERNAME_ENV_VAR
        valueFrom:
          secretKeyRef:
            name: test-secret
            key: username

1.5.1.3. Secret data keys

Secret keys must be in a DNS subdomain.

1.5.2. Understanding how to create secrets

As an administrator you must create a secret before developers can create the pods that depend on that secret.

When creating secrets:

  • Create a secret object with secret data.
  • Update the pod’s service account to allow the reference to the secret.
  • Create a pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume).

1.5.2.1. Secret creation restrictions

To use a secret, a pod needs to reference the secret. A secret can be used with a pod in three ways:

  • To populate environment variables for containers.
  • As files in a volume mounted on one or more of its containers.
  • By kubelet when pulling images for the pod.

Volume type secrets write data into the container as a file using the volume mechanism. Image pull secrets use service accounts for the automatic injection of the secret into all pods in a namespaces.

When a template contains a secret definition, the only way for the template to use the provided secret is to ensure that the secret volume sources are validated and that the specified object reference actually points to a Secret object. Therefore, a secret needs to be created before any pods that depend on it. The most effective way to ensure this is to have it get injected automatically through the use of a service account.

Secret API objects reside in a namespace. They can only be referenced by pods in that same namespace.

Individual secrets are limited to 1MB in size. This is to discourage the creation of large secrets that could exhaust apiserver and kubelet memory. However, creation of a number of smaller secrets could also exhaust memory.

1.5.2.2. Creating an opaque secret

As an administrator, you can create a opaque secret, which allows for unstructured key:value pairs that can contain arbitrary values.

Procedure

  1. Create a Secret object in a YAML file on master.

    For example:

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Secret
    metadata:
      name: mysecret
    type: Opaque 1
    data:
      username: dXNlci1uYW1l
      password: cGFzc3dvcmQ=
    1
    Specifies an opaque secret.
  2. Use the following command to create a Secret object:

    $ oc create -f <filename>

Then:

  1. Update the service account for the pod where you want to use the secret to allow the reference to the secret.
  2. Create the pod, which consumes the secret as an environment variable or as a file (using a secret volume).

1.5.3. Understanding how to update secrets

When you modify the value of a secret, the value (used by an already running pod) will not dynamically change. To change a secret, you must delete the original pod and create a new pod (perhaps with an identical PodSpec).

Updating a secret follows the same workflow as deploying a new Container image. You can use the kubectl rolling-update command.

The resourceVersion value in a secret is not specified when it is referenced. Therefore, if a secret is updated at the same time as pods are starting, then the version of the secret will be used for the pod will not be defined.

Note

Currently, it is not possible to check the resource version of a secret object that was used when a pod was created. It is planned that pods will report this information, so that a controller could restart ones using a old resourceVersion. In the interim, do not update the data of existing secrets, but create new ones with distinct names.

1.5.4. About using signed certificates with secrets

To secure communication to your service, you can configure OpenShift Container Platform to generate a signed serving certificate/key pair that you can add into a secret in a project.

A service serving certificate secret is intended to support complex middleware applications that need out-of-the-box certificates. It has the same settings as the server certificates generated by the administrator tooling for nodes and masters.

Service Pod spec configured for a service serving certificates secret.

apiVersion: v1
  kind: Service
  metadata:
    name: registry
    annotations:
      service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name: registry-cert1
....

1
Specify the name for the certificate

Other pods can trust cluster-created certificates (which are only signed for internal DNS names), by using the CA bundle in the /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/service-ca.crt file that is automatically mounted in their pod.

The signature algorithm for this feature is x509.SHA256WithRSA. To manually rotate, delete the generated secret. A new certificate is created.

1.5.4.1. Generating signed certificates for use with secrets

To use a signed serving certificate/key pair with a pod, create or edit the service to add the service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name annotation, then add the secret to the pod.

Procedure

To create a service serving certificate secret:

  1. Edit the Pod spec for your service.
  2. Add the service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name annotation with the name you want to use for your secret.

    kind: Service
    apiVersion: v1
    metadata:
      name: my-service
      annotations:
          service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-secret-name: my-cert 1
    spec:
      selector:
        app: MyApp
      ports:
      - protocol: TCP
        port: 80
        targetPort: 9376

    The certificate and key are in PEM format, stored in tls.crt and tls.key respectively.

  3. Create the service:

    $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml
  4. View the secret to make sure it was created:

    $ oc get secrets
    
    NAME                         TYPE                                  DATA      AGE
    my-cert                  kubernetes.io/tls                     2         9m
    
    $ oc describe secret my-service-pod
    Name:         my-service-pod
    Namespace:    openshift-console
    Labels:       <none>
    Annotations:  kubernetes.io/service-account.name: builder
                  kubernetes.io/service-account.uid: ab-11e9-988a-0eb4e1b4a396
    
    Type:  kubernetes.io/service-account-token
    
    Data
    
    ca.crt:     5802 bytes
    namespace:  17 bytes
    token:      eyJhbGciOiJSUzI1NiIsImtpZCI6IiJ9.eyJpc3MiOiJrdWJlcm5ldGVzL3NlcnZpY2VhY2NvdW50Ii
    wia3ViZXJuZXRlcy5pby9zZXJ2aWNlYWNjb3VudC9uYW1lc3BhY2UiOiJvcGVuc2hpZnQtY29uc29sZSIsImt1YmVyb
    cnZpY2VhY2NvdW50L3NlcnZpY2UtYWNjb3VudC51aWQiOiJhYmE4Y2UyZC00MzVlLTExZTktOTg4YS0wZWI0ZTFiNGEz
    OTYiLCJzdWIiOiJzeXN0ZW06c2VydmljZWFjY291bnQ6b3BlbnNoaWZ
  5. Edit your Pod spec with that secret.

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod
    metadata:
      name: my-service-pod
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: mypod
        image: redis
        volumeMounts:
        - name: foo
          mountPath: "/etc/foo"
      volumes:
      - name: foo
        secret:
          secretName: my-cert
          items:
          - key: username
            path: my-group/my-username
            mode: 511

    When it is available, your pod will run. The certificate will be good for the internal service DNS name, <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc.

    The certificate/key pair is automatically replaced when it gets close to expiration. View the expiration date in the service.alpha.openshift.io/expiry annotation on the secret, which is in RFC3339 format.

    Note

    In most cases, the service DNS name <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc is not externally routable. The primary use of <service.name>.<service.namespace>.svc is for intracluster or intraservice communication, and with re-encrypt routes.

1.5.5. Troubleshooting secrets

If a service certificate generation fails with (service’s service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error annotation contains):

secret/ssl-key references serviceUID 62ad25ca-d703-11e6-9d6f-0e9c0057b608, which does not match 77b6dd80-d716-11e6-9d6f-0e9c0057b60

The service that generated the certificate no longer exists, or has a different serviceUID. You must force certificates regeneration by removing the old secret, and clearing the following annotations on the service service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error, service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-num:

$ oc delete secret <secret_name>
$ oc annotate service <service_name> service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-
$ oc annotate service <service_name> service.alpha.openshift.io/serving-cert-generation-error-num-
Note

The command removing annotation has a - after the annotation name to be removed.

1.6. Using device plug-ins to access external resources with pods

Device plug-ins allow you to use a particular device type (GPU, InfiniBand, or other similar computing resources that require vendor-specific initialization and setup) in your OpenShift Container Platform pod without needing to write custom code.

1.6.1. Understanding device plug-ins

The device plug-in provides a consistent and portable solution to consume hardware devices across clusters. The device plug-in provides support for these devices through an extension mechanism, which makes these devices available to Containers, provides health checks of these devices, and securely shares them.

Important

OpenShift Container Platform supports the device plug-in API, but the device plug-in Containers are supported by individual vendors.

A device plug-in is a gRPC service running on the nodes (external to the kubelet) that is responsible for managing specific hardware resources. Any device plug-in must support following remote procedure calls (RPCs):

service DevicePlugin {
      // GetDevicePluginOptions returns options to be communicated with Device
      // Manager
      rpc GetDevicePluginOptions(Empty) returns (DevicePluginOptions) {}

      // ListAndWatch returns a stream of List of Devices
      // Whenever a Device state change or a Device disappears, ListAndWatch
      // returns the new list
      rpc ListAndWatch(Empty) returns (stream ListAndWatchResponse) {}

      // Allocate is called during container creation so that the Device
      // Plug-in can run device specific operations and instruct Kubelet
      // of the steps to make the Device available in the container
      rpc Allocate(AllocateRequest) returns (AllocateResponse) {}

      // PreStartcontainer is called, if indicated by Device Plug-in during
      // registration phase, before each container start. Device plug-in
      // can run device specific operations such as reseting the device
      // before making devices available to the container
      rpc PreStartcontainer(PreStartcontainerRequest) returns (PreStartcontainerResponse) {}
}
Example device plug-ins
Note

For easy device plug-in reference implementation, there is a stub device plug-in in the Device Manager code: vendor/k8s.io/kubernetes/pkg/kubelet/cm/deviceplugin/device_plugin_stub.go.

1.6.1.1. Methods for deploying a device plug-in

  • Daemon sets are the recommended approach for device plug-in deployments.
  • Upon start, the device plug-in will try to create a UNIX domain socket at /var/lib/kubelet/device-plugin/ on the node to serve RPCs from Device Manager.
  • Since device plug-ins must manage hardware resources, access to the host file system, as well as socket creation, they must be run in a privileged security context.
  • More specific details regarding deployment steps can be found with each device plug-in implementation.

1.6.2. Understanding the Device Manager

Device Manager provides a mechanism for advertising specialized node hardware resources with the help of plug-ins known as device plug-ins.

You can advertise specialized hardware without requiring any upstream code changes.

Important

OpenShift Container Platform supports the device plug-in API, but the device plug-in Containers are supported by individual vendors.

Device Manager advertises devices as Extended Resources. User pods can consume devices, advertised by Device Manager, using the same Limit/Request mechanism, which is used for requesting any other Extended Resource.

Upon start, the device plug-in registers itself with Device Manager invoking Register on the /var/lib/kubelet/device-plugins/kubelet.sock and starts a gRPC service at /var/lib/kubelet/device-plugins/<plugin>.sock for serving Device Manager requests.

Device Manager, while processing a new registration request, invokes ListAndWatch remote procedure call (RPC) at the device plug-in service. In response, Device Manager gets a list of Device objects from the plug-in over a gRPC stream. Device Manager will keep watching on the stream for new updates from the plug-in. On the plug-in side, the plug-in will also keep the stream open and whenever there is a change in the state of any of the devices, a new device list is sent to the Device Manager over the same streaming connection.

While handling a new pod admission request, Kubelet passes requested Extended Resources to the Device Manager for device allocation. Device Manager checks in its database to verify if a corresponding plug-in exists or not. If the plug-in exists and there are free allocatable devices as well as per local cache, Allocate RPC is invoked at that particular device plug-in.

Additionally, device plug-ins can also perform several other device-specific operations, such as driver installation, device initialization, and device resets. These functionalities vary from implementation to implementation.

1.6.3. Enabling Device Manager

Enable Device Manager to implement a device plug-in to advertise specialized hardware without any upstream code changes.

Device Manager provides a mechanism for advertising specialized node hardware resources with the help of plug-ins known as device plug-ins.

  1. Obtain the label associated with the static MachineConfigPool CRD for the type of node you want to configure. Perform one of the following steps:

    1. View the machine config:

      # oc describe machineconfig <name>

      For example:

      # oc describe machineconfig 00-worker
      
      oc describe machineconfig 00-worker
      Name:         00-worker
      Namespace:
      Labels:       machineconfiguration.openshift.io/role=worker 1
      1 1
      Label required for the Device Manager.

Procedure

  1. Create a custom resource (CR) for your configuration change.

    Sample configuration for a Device Manager CR

    apiVersion: machineconfiguration.openshift.io/v1
    kind: KubeletConfig
    metadata:
      name: devicemgr 1
    spec:
      machineConfigPoolSelector:
        matchLabels:
           machineconfiguration.openshift.io: devicemgr 2
      kubeletConfig:
        feature-gates:
          - DevicePlugins=true 3

    1
    Assign a name to CR.
    2
    Enter the label from the Machine Config Pool.
    3
    Set DevicePlugins to 'true`.
  2. Create the Device Manager:

    $ oc create -f devicemgr.yaml
    
    kube
    letconfig.machineconfiguration.openshift.io/devicemgr created
  3. Ensure that Device Manager was actually enabled by confirming that /var/lib/kubelet/device-plugins/kubelet.sock is created on the node. This is the UNIX domain socket on which the Device Manager gRPC server listens for new plug-in registrations. This sock file is created when the Kubelet is started only if Device Manager is enabled.

1.7. Including pod priority in pod scheduling decisions

You can enable pod priority and preemption in your cluster. pod priority indicates the importance of a pod relative to other pods and queues the pods based on that priority. pod preemption allows the cluster to evict, or preempt, lower-priority pods so that higher-priority pods can be scheduled if there is no available space on a suitable node pod priority also affects the scheduling order of pods and out-of-resource eviction ordering on the node.

To use priority and preemption, you create priority classes that define the relative weight of your pods. Then, reference a priority class in the pod specification to apply that weight for scheduling.

1.7.1. Understanding pod priority

When you use the Pod Priority and Preemption feature, the scheduler orders pending pods by their priority, and a pending pod is placed ahead of other pending pods with lower priority in the scheduling queue. As a result, the higher priority pod might be scheduled sooner than pods with lower priority if its scheduling requirements are met. If a pod cannot be scheduled, scheduler continues to schedule other lower priority pods.

1.7.1.1. Pod priority classes

You can assign pods a priority class, which is a non-namespaced object that defines a mapping from a name to the integer value of the priority. The higher the value, the higher the priority.

A priority class object can take any 32-bit integer value smaller than or equal to 1000000000 (one billion). Reserve numbers larger than one billion for critical pods that should not be preempted or evicted. By default, OpenShift Container Platform has two reserved priority classes for critical system pods to have guaranteed scheduling.

$ oc get priorityclasses

Example output

NAME                      VALUE        GLOBAL-DEFAULT   AGE
cluster-logging           1000000      false            29s
system-cluster-critical   2000000000   false            72m
system-node-critical      2000001000   false            72m

  • system-node-critical - This priority class has a value of 2000001000 and is used for all pods that should never be evicted from a node. Examples of pods that have this priority class are sdn-ovs, sdn, and so forth. A number of critical components include the system-node-critical priority class by default, for example:

    • master-api
    • master-controller
    • master-etcd
    • sdn
    • sdn-ovs
    • sync
  • system-cluster-critical - This priority class has a value of 2000000000 (two billion) and is used with pods that are important for the cluster. Pods with this priority class can be evicted from a node in certain circumstances. For example, pods configured with the system-node-critical priority class can take priority. However, this priority class does ensure guaranteed scheduling. Examples of pods that can have this priority class are fluentd, add-on components like descheduler, and so forth. A number of critical components include the system-cluster-critical priority class by default, for example:

    • fluentd
    • metrics-server
    • descheduler
  • cluster-logging - This priority is used by Fluentd to make sure Fluentd pods are scheduled to nodes over other apps.
Note

If you upgrade your existing cluster, the priority of your existing pods is effectively zero. However, existing pods with the scheduler.alpha.kubernetes.io/critical-pod annotation are automatically converted to system-cluster-critical class. Fluentd cluster logging pods with the annotation are converted to the cluster-logging priority class.

1.7.1.2. Pod priority names

After you have one or more priority classes, you can create pods that specify a priority class name in a Pod spec. The priority admission controller uses the priority class name field to populate the integer value of the priority. If the named priority class is not found, the pod is rejected.

1.7.2. Understanding pod preemption

When a developer creates a pod, the pod goes into a queue. If the developer configured the pod for pod priority or preemption, the scheduler picks a pod from the queue and tries to schedule the pod on a node. If the scheduler cannot find space on an appropriate node that satisfies all the specified requirements of the pod, preemption logic is triggered for the pending pod.

When the scheduler preempts one or more pods on a node, the nominatedNodeName field of higher-priority Pod spec is set to the name of the node, along with the nodename field. The scheduler uses the nominatedNodeName field to keep track of the resources reserved for pods and also provides information to the user about preemptions in the clusters.

After the scheduler preempts a lower-priority pod, the scheduler honors the graceful termination period of the pod. If another node becomes available while scheduler is waiting for the lower-priority pod to terminate, the scheduler can schedule the higher-priority pod on that node. As a result, the nominatedNodeName field and nodeName field of the Pod spec might be different.

Also, if the scheduler preempts pods on a node and is waiting for termination, and a pod with a higher-priority pod than the pending pod needs to be scheduled, the scheduler can schedule the higher-priority pod instead. In such a case, the scheduler clears the nominatedNodeName of the pending pod, making the pod eligible for another node.

Preemption does not necessarily remove all lower-priority pods from a node. The scheduler can schedule a pending pod by removing a portion of the lower-priority pods.

The scheduler considers a node for pod preemption only if the pending pod can be scheduled on the node.

1.7.2.1. Pod preemption and other scheduler settings

If you enable pod priority and preemption, consider your other scheduler settings:

Pod priority and pod disruption budget
A pod disruption budget specifies the minimum number or percentage of replicas that must be up at a time. If you specify pod disruption budgets, OpenShift Container Platform respects them when preempting pods at a best effort level. The scheduler attempts to preempt pods without violating the pod disruption budget. If no such pods are found, lower-priority pods might be preempted despite their pod disruption budget requirements.
Pod priority and pod affinity
Pod affinity requires a new pod to be scheduled on the same node as other pods with the same label.

If a pending pod has inter-pod affinity with one or more of the lower-priority pods on a node, the scheduler cannot preempt the lower-priority pods without violating the affinity requirements. In this case, the scheduler looks for another node to schedule the pending pod. However, there is no guarantee that the scheduler can find an appropriate node and pending pod might not be scheduled.

To prevent this situation, carefully configure pod affinity with equal-priority pods.

1.7.2.2. Graceful termination of preempted pods

When preempting a pod, the scheduler waits for the pod graceful termination period to expire, allowing the pod to finish working and exit. If the pod does not exit after the period, the scheduler kills the pod. This graceful termination period creates a time gap between the point that the scheduler preempts the pod and the time when the pending pod can be scheduled on the node.

To minimize this gap, configure a small graceful termination period for lower-priority pods.

1.7.3. Configuring priority and preemption

You apply pod priority and preemption by creating a priority class object and associating pods to the priority using the priorityClassName in your Pod specs.

Sample priority class object

apiVersion: scheduling.k8s.io/v1
kind: PriorityClass
metadata:
  name: high-priority 1
value: 1000000 2
globalDefault: false 3
description: "This priority class should be used for XYZ service pods only." 4

1
The name of the priority class object.
2
The priority value of the object.
3
Optional field that indicates whether this priority class should be used for pods without a priority class name specified. This field is false by default. Only one priority class with globalDefault set to true can exist in the cluster. If there is no priority class with globalDefault:true, the priority of pods with no priority class name is zero. Adding a priority class with globalDefault:true affects only pods created after the priority class is added and does not change the priorities of existing pods.
4
Optional arbitrary text string that describes which pods developers should use with this priority class.

Procedure

To configure your cluster to use priority and preemption:

  1. Create one or more priority classes:

    1. Specify a name and value for the priority.
    2. Optionally specify the globalDefault field in the priority class and a description.
  2. Create a Pod spec or edit existing pods to include the name of a priority class, similar to the following:

    Sample Pod spec with priority class name

    apiVersion: v1
    kind: Pod
    metadata:
      name: nginx
      labels:
        env: test
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: nginx
        image: nginx
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
      priorityClassName: high-priority 1

    1
    Specify the priority class to use with this pod.
  3. Create the pod:

    $ oc create -f <file-name>.yaml

    You can add the priority name directly to the pod configuration or to a pod template.

1.8. Placing pods on specific nodes using node selectors

A node selector specifies a map of key-value pairs. The rules are defined using custom labels on nodes and selectors specified in pods.

For the pod to be eligible to run on a node, the pod must have the indicated key-value pairs as the label on the node.

If you are using node affinity and node selectors in the same pod configuration, see the important considerations below.

1.8.1. Using node selectors to control pod placement

You can use node selector labels on pods to control where the pod is scheduled.

With node selectors, OpenShift Container Platform schedules the pods on nodes that contain matching labels.

To add node selectors to an existing pod, add a node selector to the controlling object for that pod, such as a ReplicaSet object, DaemonSet object, StatefulSet object, Deployment object, or DeploymentConfig object. Any existing pods under that controlling object are recreated on a node with a matching label. If you are creating a new pod, you can add the node selector directly to the Pod spec.

You can add labels to a node or machine config, but the labels will not persist if the node or machine goes down. Adding the label to the machine set ensures that new nodes or machines will have the label.

Note

You cannot add a node selector directly to an existing scheduled pod.

Prerequisite

To add a node selector to existing pods, determine the controlling object for that pod. For example, the router-default-66d5cf9464-m2g75 pod is controlled by the router-default-66d5cf9464 replica set:

$ oc describe pod router-default-66d5cf9464-7pwkc

Name:               router-default-66d5cf9464-7pwkc
Namespace:          openshift-ingress

....

Controlled By:      ReplicaSet/router-default-66d5cf9464

The web console lists the controlling object under ownerReferences in the pod YAML:

  ownerReferences:
    - apiVersion: apps/v1
      kind: ReplicaSet
      name: router-default-66d5cf9464
      uid: d81dd094-da26-11e9-a48a-128e7edf0312
      controller: true
      blockOwnerDeletion: true

Procedure

  1. Add labels to a node by using a machine set or editing the node directly:

    • Use a MachineSet object to add labels to nodes managed by the machine set when a node is created:

      1. Run the following command to add a node selector to a MachineSet object:

        $ oc patch MachineSet <name> --type='json' -p='[{"op":"add","path":"/spec/template/spec/metadata/labels", "value":{"<key>"="<value>","<key>"="<value>"}}]'  -n openshift-machine-api

        For example:

        $ oc patch MachineSet abc612-msrtw-worker-us-east-1c  --type='json' -p='[{"op":"add","path":"/spec/template/spec/metadata/labels", "value":{"type":"user-node","region":"east"}}]'  -n openshift-machine-api
      2. Verify that the label is added to the MachineSet object by using the oc edit command:

        For example:

        $ oc edit MachineSet abc612-msrtw-worker-us-east-1c -n openshift-machine-api

        Example MachineSet object

        apiVersion: machine.openshift.io/v1beta1
        kind: MachineSet
        
        ....
        
        spec:
        ...
          template:
            metadata:
        ...
            spec:
              metadata:
                labels:
                  region: east
                  type: user-node
        ....

    • Add labels directly to a node:

      1. Edit the Node object for the node:

        $ oc label nodes <name> <key>=<value>

        For example, to label a node:

        $ oc label nodes ip-10-0-142-25.ec2.internal type=user-node region=east
      2. Verify that the label is added to the node:

        $ oc get nodes -l type=user-node,region=east

        Example output

        NAME                          STATUS   ROLES    AGE   VERSION
        ip-10-0-142-25.ec2.internal   Ready    worker   17m   v1.18.3+002a51f

  2. Add the matching node selector a pod:

    • To add a node selector to existing and future pods, add a node selector to the controlling object for the pods:

      Example ReplicaSet object

      kind: ReplicaSet
      
      ....
      
      spec:
      
      ....
      
        template:
          metadata:
            creationTimestamp: null
            labels:
              ingresscontroller.operator.openshift.io/deployment-ingresscontroller: default
              pod-template-hash: 66d5cf9464
          spec:
            nodeSelector:
              beta.kubernetes.io/os: linux
              node-role.kubernetes.io/worker: ''
              type: user-node 1

      1
      Add the node selector.
    • To add a node selector to a specific pod, add the selector to the Pod object directly:

      Example Pod object

      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Pod
      
      ...
      
      spec:
        nodeSelector:
          <key>: <value>
      
      ...

      For example:

      Example Pod object with a node selector

      apiVersion: v1
      kind: Pod
      
      ....
      
      spec:
        nodeSelector:
          region: east
          type: user-node