7.7. The where clause

The where clause allows you to narrow the list of instances returned. If no alias exists, you may refer to properties by name: 
select cat from Cat cat where cat.name='Fritz'
returns instances of Cat named 'Fritz'. 
select foo 
from Foo foo, Bar bar
where foo.startDate = bar.date
will return all instances of Foo for which there exists an instance of bar with a date property equal to the startDate property of the Foo. Compound path expressions make the where clause extremely powerful. Consider: 
select cat from Cat cat where cat.mate.name is not null
This query translates to an SQL query with a table (inner) join. If you were to write something like 
select foo from Foo foo  
where foo.bar.baz.customer.address.city is not null
you would end up with a query that would require four table joins in SQL.
The = operator may be used to compare not only properties, but also instances: 
select cat, rival from Cat cat, Cat rival where cat.mate = rival.mate
select cat, mate 
from Cat cat, Cat mate
where cat.mate = mate
The special property (lowercase) id may be used to reference the unique identifier of an object. (You may also use its mapped identifier property name.). Note that this keyword is specific to HQL. 
select cat from Cat as cat where cat.id = 123

select cat from Cat as cat where cat.mate.id = 69
The second query is efficient. No table join is required!
Properties of composite identifiers may also be used. Suppose Person has a composite identifier consisting of country and medicareNumber. 
select person from bank.Person person
where person.id.country = 'AU' 
    and person.id.medicareNumber = 123456
select account from bank.Account account
where account.owner.id.country = 'AU' 
    and account.owner.id.medicareNumber = 123456
Once again, the second query requires no table join.
Likewise, the special property class accesses the discriminator value of an instance in the case of polymorphic persistence. A Java class name embedded in the where clause will be translated to its discriminator value. Once again, this is specific to HQL. 
select cat from Cat cat where cat.class = DomesticCat
You may also specify properties of components or composite user types (and of components of components, etc). Never try to use a path-expression that ends in a property of component type (as opposed to a property of a component). For example, if store.owner is an entity with a component address 
store.owner.address.city    // okay
store.owner.address         // error!
An "any" type has the special properties id and class, allowing us to express a join in the following way (where AuditLog.item is a property mapped with <any>). Any is specific to Hibernate 
from AuditLog log, Payment payment 
where log.item.class = 'Payment' and log.item.id = payment.id
Notice that log.item.class and payment.class would refer to the values of completely different database columns in the above query.